Qays ibn Makshuh al-Muradi (), or also known as Qays ibn Hubayrah; was a

companion Companion may refer to: Relationships Currently * Any of several interpersonal relationships such as friend or acquaintance * A domestic partner, akin to a spouse * Sober companion, an addiction treatment coach * Companion (caregiving), a caregive ...

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

. He converted to Islam during the life of Muhammad. He later rebelled during

Ridda Wars The Ridda Wars were a series of military campaigns launched by the first caliph Abu Bakr against rebellious Arabian tribes, some of which were led by rival prophet claimants. They began shortly after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in ...

after the killing of

Al-Aswad al-Ansi Abhala bin Ka'b al-Aswad al-Ansi (; died June 632), was a 7th-century leader of the Banu Ans tribe and a self-proclaimed prophet, one of the four major figures who declared to be prophets during the Wars of Apostasy. Biography He was born near Na ...

, only to be defeated by

Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl ibn Hisham (; –634 or 636) was an opponent-turned companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a military commander in the Ridda wars and the Muslim conquest of Syria. In the latter campaign, he was killed fighting the By ...

. Qays was later pardoned by first

Rashidun The Rashidun () are the first four caliphs () who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr (), Umar (), Uthman (), and Ali (). The reign of these caliphs, called the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), is considered i ...

caliph

Abu Bakr Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), better known by his ''Kunya (Arabic), kunya'' Abu Bakr, was a senior Sahaba, companion, the closest friend, and father-in-law of Muhammad. He served as the first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, ruli ...

and participated in the

Muslim conquest of Persia As part of the early Muslim conquests, which were initiated by Muhammad in 622, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire between 632 and 654. This event led to the decline of Zoroastrianism, which had been the official religion of ...

and

Muslim conquest of the Levant The Muslim conquest of the Levant (; ), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. A part of the wider Arab–Byzantine wars, the Levant was brought under Arab Muslim rule and develope ...

Biography

Qays ibn Mashuh al-Muradi hailed from Murad tribe as son of Makshuh, or originally named Hubayrah ibn Abd Yaghut bin Al-Ghazil bin Salamah, the son of Bada’ ibn Amr az Zahir bin Murad. The father of Qays was the chief of Murad tribe and nicknamed al-Makshuh because he had a complaint in his flank resulting from a fire. There are confusion about his name, which sometimes appears in records as Qays ibn Hubayra "al-Makshuh,” or Qays ibn 'Abd Yaghuth ibn Makshuh, or simply Qays ibn al-Makshfih. Qays ibn Makshuh were also a nephew of

Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib al-Zubaīdi al-Madḥ'hijī () (died 642 CE) was an Arabian cavalry commander of the Zubaid clan in Yemen, part of the Madhhij tribe confederation. Amr is considered a legendary warrior, battling against legendary figures ...

, a renowned warrior from

Zubaid Zubaid or Zubayd () is an Arab tribe from the Madhhaj confederation, that is one of the largest, richest tribes of Arabia. It participated in the Islamic conquests in the early days of Islam. Among them were Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi, the great compa ...

clan of Yemen. Later, when there is a news about a

Quraysh The Quraysh () are an Tribes of Arabia, Arab tribe who controlled Mecca before the rise of Islam. Their members were divided into ten main clans, most notably including the Banu Hashim, into which Islam's founding prophet Muhammad was born. By ...

man named Muhammad preaching an Islam religion in Arabia, Amr urging Qays ibn Maksuh to go with him to check whether it is true Muhammad claim as prophet, which Qays rejected. Then in turn, Amr go by himself to meet Muhammad, which impressed him and prompted him to convert to Islam as he meet the latter.

Ridda Wars

During the great

, The false prophet

succumbed to a palace conspiracy, as Yemeni leaders, such as Dhu Zulaim, Dhu al-Kala, and Dhu Murran withheld their support from Aswad. When the tribes of

Najran Najran ( '), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia. It is the capital of Najran Province. Today, the city of Najran is one of the fastest-growing cities in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As of the 2022 census, the city population was 381,431, wi ...

broke away and reinstate treaty with Medina, Aswad lost significant support. This weakness allow Qays ibn Makshuh and Persian garrison led by

Fayruz al-Daylami Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fayrūz al-Daylamī al-Himyarī (, Persian: فیروز دیلمی, ''Firuz the Daylamite'') was a Persian companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Biography Fayruz al-Daylami, also spelt Firuz al-Daylami, belonged to the desce ...

in San'a to mount conspiracy operation The operation finally managed brought down Aswad and reaffirmed the caliphate control of the area. The threat to the authority of Medina, however, was renewed in the person of Qais ibn Makshuh himself, as he felt slighted when Abu Bakr confirmed Fairuz as administrator of Yemen. Meanwhile, another source suggested Qays rebelled along with

as both conspired to kill three caliphate deputies in Yemen. A caliphate commander

Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya ibn al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah () was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the Banu Makhzum clan and a Muslim commander active in Yemen during the Ridda wars (632–633). Life Al-Muhajir's birth name was al-Wal ...

lead the

Al-Abna' (, ) is a term that was used in South Arabia to refer to people whose lineage was paternally Iranian and maternally Arab. They represented a distinct community that had come into existence following the end of the Aksumite–Persian wars in the 6 ...

opposing Qays. Ultimately, the forces of Qays and Amr were defeated by the force of

Muslim conquests

After Ridda wars, Qays mobilizing his own wealth and led the soldiers from Yemen that came to Medina to participate in

early Muslim conquests The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam. He established the first Islamic state in Medina, Arabian Peninsula, Arabia that ...

. On the onset of the famous

battle of Yarmuk The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk; ) was a major battle between the Byzantine army, army of the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslim Rashidun army, forces of the Rashidun Caliphate. The battle consisted of a series of engagements ...

in 636 AD, around 3,000 cavalry reinforcements were sent to the

Muslim conquest of Syria The Muslim conquest of the Levant (; ), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. A part of the wider Arab–Byzantine wars, the Levant was brought under Arab Muslim rule and developed ...

front, including those from Yemen which led by Qays ibn Makshuh. During the first day Battle of Beisan (634), Khalid bin Al-Walid comes out at the front of the army in other skirmishes with the front of the Roman army in 1,500 cavalry, dividing his army into three sections which he led the center while the right wing led by Qays ibn Maqshuh and the left wing was led by Maysara ibn Masruq. One of the Byzantine battalion advanced but repelled by Qays, causing both sides to return as the clash casualties were minimal. On the final stage of the battle, the Rashidun cavalry immediately formed their battle formation with Qays on the left and Maysara on the center and facing their chasing enemies. As the entire cavalry under Qays, Khaled, and Maysarah has engaged the vanguard of the Byzantine the incoming additional Rashidun forces under Muadh ibn Jabal, Sa'id ibn Zayd, and Hashim ibn Utbah approaching them. Muadh immediately reinforcing Maysara behind his cavalry forces, while Sa'id and Hashim also reinforcing him from different sides. As the battle ended at night, almost the whole 80,000 soldiers of Byzantine under Saqlar were slain, while the Rashidun forces suffered several hundreds of casualties. Qays participated in the

. In the battle of al-Yarmuk, Khalid ibn al-Walid appoint Qays al-Makshuh as commander of the cavalry on the left wing rear. However, al-Ash‘ath ibn Qays, Hashim ibn Utbah, and Qays ibn Makshuh, each lost an eye during this battle. It is said that during the conquest of Persia Qays had duelled against two Persian commanders, each commanding 10,000 and won against both, where this accident then reported to the caliph.

Ibn Hisham Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Himyari (; died 7 May 833), known simply as Ibn Hisham, was a 9th-century Abbasid historian and scholar. He grew up in Basra, in modern-day Iraq and later moved to Egypt. Life Ibn Hisham has ...

has reported the warning of Amr towards Qays ibn Makshuh, as Qays has threatened Salman ibn Rabia al-Bahili, administrator of the caliphate stable and ''Hima''(camels massive breeding livestock in Nejd), which responded by Amr who reprimanded Qays from threatening Salman with advising poet to beware of such prideful attitude while reminding him the fate of the strength of the powerful

ʿĀd ʿĀd (, ') was an ancient tribe in pre-Islamic Arabia. 'Ad is best known for being mentioned two dozen times in the Quran, often in conjunction with Thamud. Recently, it has been shown that 'Ad was a tribe that existed two millennia ago in the W ...

peoples which preceding them does not helping them to avert disaster from them. Later, caliph Abu Bakar asking Qays about how will he fight the Persians, which replied by Qays: Later, Amr participated in the

battle of Jalula The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after conquest of Ctesiphon. After the capture of Ctesiphon, several detachments were immediately sent to the west to capture Qarqeesia and Heet the f ...

, where he reported to played important role during this battle along with al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, Hijr ibn 'Adi, and Qays ibn Maksuh. At night, Al-Qa'qa brings a number of elite cavalry to they reached the door of the ditch. Among these horsemen are veterans such as Amr, Tulayha, Qays ibn Maksuh and Hijr ibn Adi along with several Zubaidi clan horsemen. As the battle started According to firsthand witness named Muhaffiz, al Qa'qa units including Amr and the others managed to slip inside the trench between Jalula fortress and the still engaging Sassanid army, capturing the said trench while the main army of Sassanid under command of Khurrazad still busy fight the Rashidun main forces. This act caused panic among the Sassanids as they began retreating, while the Rashidun forces, noticing al-Qa'qa and his units has penetrated and taking position on the trench behind the Sassanid army. It is said the entire battlefield were scattered by corpses of the Sassanid army, thus became the name of the area and this historical battlefield as ''"Jalula"'' (dead bodies scattered around).

References

Bibliography

* * {{cite book , last1=Ibrahim Akram , first1=Agha , author1-link=Agha Ibrahim Akram , title=The Sword of Allah, Khalid Bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns , type=military history, date=1970 , publisher=National Publishing House , isbn=9789690002242 , pages=389, 495 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGRtAAAAMAAJ , access-date=14 January 2022 , language=en , format=paperback 7th-century deaths from plague (disease) Arab generals Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars People from the Rashidun Caliphate Sahabah hadith narrators People of the Muslim conquest of Persia People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant