Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat Muslim ( Chagatai and

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

: مسلمان قمر الدین خان دغلت) was a

Moghul Mughal or Moghul may refer to: Related to the Mughal Empire * Mughal Empire of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries * Mughal dynasty * Mughal emperors * Mughal people, a social group of Central and South Asia * Mughal architecture * ...

ruler of

Moghulistan Moghulistan, also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, was a Muslims, Muslim, Mongol, and later Turkic peoples, Turkic breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tian Shan, Teng ...

between 1368 and 1390. He belonged to the Dughlat clan of Mongol warlords. and from his mother's side, he was descended from Arab Muslim Commander

Qutayba ibn Muslim Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign o ...

. He was not a descendant of Chingghis Khan or Chagatai Khan, thus he was not a member of the Borjigin clan. Under

Tughlugh Timur Tughlugh Timur Khan ( Chagatai and Persian: تغلق تیمور خان; also Tughluq Tömür or Tughluk Timur; 1312/13–1363) was the Khan of Moghulistan from and Khan of the whole Chagatai Khanate from c. 1360 until his death. Esen Buqa (a d ...

, both ''Amirs'' Tuluk and Bulaji had held the office of ''ulus beg''. After the death of Bulaji the office was given to his son Khudaidad. This was contested by Bulaji's brother, Qamar-ud-din, who desired to be ''ulus beg'' himself. His request for the office to be transferred to him was refused by Tughlugh Timur; consequently after the latter's death Qamar-ud-din revolted against Tughlugh Timur's son Ilyas Khoja Khan. He was likely responsible for the death of Ilyas Khoja; most of the family members of Tughlugh Timur were also killed. Qamar-ud-din proclaimed himself ''khan'', the only Dughlat ever to do so and although he did not gain the support of many of the amirs, managed to maintain his position in Moghulistan. Qamar-ud-din's reign consisted of a series of wars with

Amir Timur Timur, also known as Tamerlane (1320s17/18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol tradition, Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timuri ...

, the Amir of

Timurid Empire The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate, Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of co ...

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

. Qamar-ud-din's forces were unable to defeat the Great Timur Lane, but at the same time Timur could not decisively defeat Qamar-ud-din, whose men were able to retreat into the barren steppe country of Moghulistan. During a fresh invasion by Timur and his army in 1390, however, Qamar-ud-din disappeared. His disappearance enabled a Chagatayid, Khizr Khoja, to gain control of Moghulistan. Qamar-ud-din's disappearance had left his nephew Khudaidad the senior member of the Dughlat family. Khudaidad had a very good knowledge about Genghis Khan's Yasa(law), which was an example of the Dughlats' continued respect for the Mongolian tradition. According to the ''Tarikh-i Rashidi'', Khudaidad had been an early supporter of Khizr Khoja and had hid him from Qamar-ud-din during the latter's purge of members of the house of Chagatai. Khudaidad's power rapidly increased and he became a king-maker in the years after Khizr Khoja's death. He also divided Aksu, Khotan, and Kashgar and Yarkand amongst his family members;Muhammad Haidar, p. 100 this division of territory lasted until the time of

Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (also Ababakar or Abubekr; died shortly after AH Rajab 920 / Aug-Sept 1514; exact date uncertain; year 1516 indicated by some authors is wrong) was a ruler in South-Western part of present Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ...

Notes

References

*Barthold, W. "Dughlat." ''The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2.'' New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965. * Elias, N. Commentary. ''The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)''. By Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N. Elias. London, 1895. * Grousset, René. ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia.'' Trans. Naomi Walford. New Jersey: Rutgers, 1970. *Kim, Hodong. The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate. ''The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy.'' Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David Morgan. Leiden: Brill, 1998. {{ISBN, 90-04-11048-8 * Mirza Muhammad Haidar. ''The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)''. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N.Elias. London, 1895. Mongol Empire Muslims Dughlats Chagatai khans 14th-century Mongol khans ca:Dughlat