Qabiao, Pu Peo or sometimes Laqua (
autonym: '; Chinese: ''Pubiao'' 普标, Vietnamese: ''Pu Péo'') is a
Kra language spoken by the
Qabiao people
The Qabiao people ( vi, Pu Péo) are an ethnic group living in Hà Giang Province, Vietnam and Malipo County of Yunnan province, China. The total population was 903 as of the 2019 census, while Liang (2007) cites a total population of 777. In C ...
in northern
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...
and
Yunnan
Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...
,
China.
[Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. ''The Tai–Kadai Languages''. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.] Alternative names for Qabiao include Kabeo, Ka Beo, Ka Bao, Ka Biao, Laqua, Pubiao (Pupeo or Pu Péo) and Pen Ti Lolo (Bendi Lolo). The meaning of the name "Qabiao" is unknown.
Maza, a
Lolo–Burmese
The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and Southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family.
Names
Until ca. 1950, the endonym ''Lolo'' was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reaso ...
language spoken near the Qabiao area, is notable for having a Qabiao substratum (Hsiu 2014:68-69).
Geographic distribution
In Vietnam, Qabiao is spoken in
Đồng Văn District,
Hà Giang Province
Hà is a Vietnamese surname. The name is transliterated as He in Chinese and Ha in Korean.
Ha is the anglicized variation of the surname Hà. It is also the anglicized variation of Hạ.
Notable people with the surname Hà
* Hà Kiều Anh, ...
in Phố Là and Sủng Chéng villages, and perhaps also in
Yên Minh and
Mèo Vạc Districts.
Tran (2011:15) reports that Qabiao is spoken in the following locations of
Ha Giang Province
Ha may refer to:
Agencies and organizations
* Health authority
* Hells Angels Motorcycle Club
* Highways Agency (now ''National Highways''), UK government body maintaining England's major roads
* Homelessness Australia, peak body organisation f ...
.
*Phố Là, Sùng Chéng, Phó Bảng, Phó Cáo, and Má Lé communes of
Đồng Văn District
*Cháng Lổ and Sùng Chéng of Phú Lũng commune,
Yên Minh District
*Tiến Xuân, Yen Cường commune,
Bắc Mê District
*
Mèo Vạc District
The Pu Péo (Qabiao) of Vietnam claim that they had traditionally lived in the following villages in Vietnam and China (Tran 2011:16).
*
Đồng Văn District, Vietnam
**Phó Bảng (Mó Biêng)
**Phó Cáo (Mó Cao)
**Phó Là (Mó Nê)
**Phó Lủng (Mó Căn)
*
Malipo County, China
**Phú Trú (Mó Nương)
**Phú Trác (Mó Căn)
**Phú Pliông (Mó Phuông)
**Phú Trao (Mó Rào)
In China, Qabiao is spoken in Tiechang Township 铁厂镇 and Donggan Township 懂干镇 in
Malipo County,
Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous prefecture in southeastern Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China and the easternmost prefecture-level division of the province. It borders Baise, Guangxi to the east, Vietnam ...
,
Yunnan
Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...
(Liang, ''et al.'' 2007). Many Qabiao people have shifted to Southwestern Mandarin, although it is still spoken in villages such as Pufeng 普峰.
Phonology
The Qabiao language has the following tones: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2.
[See Proto-Tai language#Tones for an explanation of the tone codes.]
Like
Paha
Paha () is a small settlement in the hills north of Otočec in the City Municipality of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistic ...
(J.-F. Li and Y.-X. Luo 2010: 16–17), Long-haired
Lachi (Kosaka 2000: 20–24) and
Buyang, Qabiao (J.-R. Zhang 1990) have
sesquisyllables, which are not present in most Kra-Dai languages.
Notes
References
*Hsiu, Andrew. 2014.
Mondzish: a new subgroup of Lolo-Burmese. In ''Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14)''. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
*Liang Min, Zhang Junru & Li Yunbing (2007). Pubiao yu yanjiu. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.
Further reading
*Nguyen, Thu Quynh. 2019
Characteristics of Pu Peo: A language at risk of endangerment Presentation at the Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology, the CALA 2019, Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia.
*Trần, Văn Ái. 2011. ''Văn hóa dân gian của dân tộc Pu Péo ở Việt Nam''. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin.
*Various. 2012. ''Dân ca các dân tộc Pu Péo, Sán Dìu, Dao, Lô Lô, Cao Lan''. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa dân tộc.
External links
ABVD: Qabiao word list*https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230837/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=526
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qabiao Language
Kra languages
Languages of China
Languages of Vietnam