The Pyrgini are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

in the skipper butterfly

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Pyrginae Pyrginae, commonly known as spread-winged skippers, are a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (biology), family (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Their delimitation and internal systematics has chan ...

. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned out to be

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

.Brower & Warren (2007) One of the traditional Pyrginae tribes, the Eudamini, had to be raised to subfamily rank as

Eudaminae The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae). Their original type genus ''Eudamus'' is today a junior synonym of '' Urbanus''. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North Amer ...

. Some genera now in the Eudaminae were placed in the Pyrgini in earlier times. In addition, a number of additional tribes –

Achlyodidini The Achlyodidini (sometimes – but apparently in errorWahlberg ''fide'' Savela (2008) – spelled Achylodidini) are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many species of them are notable for their (by skipper butterfly st ...

Carcharodini The Carcharodini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a very diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group distributed throughout the tropics.Brower (2009) Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were ...

and

Erynnini The Erynnini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a moderately diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group, and except for the Holarctic species of the type genus '' Erynnis'' occur only in the Neotropic ...

– are now usually recognized again. These are close relatives of the Pyrgini ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'', and may just as well be included in them as they used to be: together they do still form a

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

group. Most authors prefer to keep them separate however, as each is an

apomorph In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to ha ...

ic and

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

ally distinct lineage of the Pyrgini ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

''. Of these newly recognized tribes, the Achlyodidini are closest to the Pyrgini, but conspicuously differ from the latter in their unusually-shaped wings.

Genera

The genera of the Pyrgini, after genomic research published in 2019, are: * ''

Anisochoria ''Anisochoria'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, ...

'' Mabille, 1877 * ''

Antigonus Antigonus or Antigonos (), a Greek name meaning "comparable to his father" or "worthy of his father", may refer to: Rulers * Three Macedonian kings of the Antigonid dynasty that succeeded Alexander the Great: ** Antigonus I Monophthalmus (382� ...

'' Hübner, 1819 * '' Bralus'' Grishin, 2019 * ''

Burnsius ''Burnsius'' is a genus of New World checkered-skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. The genus was erected by Nick V. Grishin in 2019. As a result of a 2019 study of the genomes of 250 representative species of skippers, the genus ''Bu ...

'' Grishin, 2019 (New World checkered-skippers) * '' Canesia'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Carrhenes'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Celotes'' Godman & Salvin, 1899 (streaky-skippers) * '' Chirgus'' Grishin, 2019 * ''

Clito Clito could refer to: * Clito (genus), a genus of spread-winged skipper butterflies * '' Clito'', a 2020 song by Madame * William Clito (1102–1128), a member of the House of Normandy * Slang for clitoris In amniotes, the clitoris ( or ...

'' Evans, 1953 * '' Diaeus'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * ''

Eracon ''Eracon'' is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfa ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1894 * ''

Heliopetes ''Heliopetes'' is a Neotropical genus of spread-winged skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae. Species These species belong to the genus ''Heliopetes'': : '' Heliopetes alana'' (Reakirt, 1868) (alana white-skipper) : '' Heliopetes americ ...

'' Billberg, 1820 (white-skippers) * ''

Onenses ''Onenses'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, He ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * ''

Paches ''Paches'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesp ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * ''

Plumbago ''Plumbago'' is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort (names which are also shared by the genus '' Ceratostig ...

'' Evans, 1953 * '' Pseudodrephalys'' Burns, 1998 * ''

Pyrgus ''Pyrgus'' is a genus in the skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the grizzled skippers. The name "checkered" or "chequered skipper" may also be applied to some species, but also refers to species in the genera '' Burnsius'' and '' C ...

'' Hübner, 1819 (checkered-skippers) * ''

Santa Santa Claus (also known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle or Santa) is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts during the late evening and overnight hours on Christma ...

'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Spioniades'' Hübner, 1819 * '' Systasea'' W. H. Edwards, 1877 (powdered-skippers) * ''

Trina Katrina Laverne Kearse (née Taylor; born December 3, 1974), is an American rapper. She rose to prominence in the late 1990s for her collaborations with Trick Daddy on the singles " Nann Nigga", " Shut Up", and " Take It to da House". In 2000, ...

'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Xenophanes Xenophanes of Colophon ( ; ; – c. 478 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and critic of Homer. He was born in Ionia and travelled throughout the Greek-speaking world in early classical antiquity. As a poet, Xenophanes was known f ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * ''

Zobera ''Zobera'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesp ...

'' Freeman, 1970 * ''

Zopyrion Zopyrion () (died 331 BC) was a Macedonian general. Zopyrion was made a governor either of Thrace or of Pontus by Alexander the Great. In 331 BC, he led an invasion of Scythian lands, "thinking that, if he did not attempt something, he should b ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1896

Footnotes

References

* (2007):

Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The s ...

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Pyrgini
Version of 2007-MAR-04. Retrieved 2009-DEC-26. * Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister Butterfly tribes Taxa described in 1878 {{Pyrginae-stub