The Pyrgini are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...

in the

skipper butterfly Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy ...

subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned out to be

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

.Brower & Warren (2007) One of the traditional Pyrginae tribes, the Eudamini, had to be raised to subfamily rank as

Eudaminae The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies ( family Hesperiidae). Their original type genus ''Eudamus'' is today a junior synonym of '' Urbanus''. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North Amer ...

. Some genera now in the Eudaminae were placed in the Pyrgini in earlier times. In addition, a number of additional tribes – Achlyodidini,

Carcharodini The Carcharodini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a very diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group distributed throughout the tropics.Brower (2009) Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were ...

and Erynnini – are now usually recognized again. These are close relatives of the Pyrgini ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'', and may just as well be included in them as they used to be: together they do still form a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

group. Most authors prefer to keep them separate however, as each is an

apomorph In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to hav ...

ic and

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

ally distinct lineage of the Pyrgini ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

''. Of these newly recognized tribes, the Achlyodidini are closest to the Pyrgini, but conspicuously differ from the latter in their unusually-shaped wings.

Genera

The genera of the Pyrgini, after genomic research published in 2019, are: * '' Anisochoria'' Mabille, 1877 * ''

Antigonus Antigonus or Antigonos ( grc, Ἀντίγονος), a Greek name meaning "comparable to his father" or "worthy of his father", may refer to: Rulers * Three Macedonian kings of the Antigonid dynasty that succeeded Alexander the Great: ** Antigon ...

'' Hübner, 1819 * '' Bralus'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Burnsius'' Grishin, 2019 (New World checkered-skippers) * '' Canesia'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Carrhenes'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Celotes'' Godman & Salvin, 1899 (streaky-skippers) * '' Chirgus'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Clito'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Diaeus Diaeus of Megalopolis ( grc, Διαῖος, Diaios) (died 146 BC) was the last strategos of the Achaian League in Ancient Greece before the League was disbanded by the Romans. He served as the League's general from 150–149 BC and from 148 BC un ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Eracon'' Godman & Salvin, 1894 * '' Heliopetes'' Billberg, 1820 (white-skippers) * '' Onenses'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Paches'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * ''

Plumbago ''Plumbago'' is a genus of 10–20 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort (names which are also shared by the genus ''Cerato ...

'' Evans, 1953 * '' Pseudodrephalys'' Burns, 1998 * ''

Pyrgus ''Pyrgus'' is a genus in the skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the grizzled skippers. The name "checkered" or "chequered skipper" may also be applied to some species, but also refers to species in the genera ''Burnsius'' and '' ...

'' Hübner, 1819 (checkered-skippers) * ''

Santa Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring children gifts during the late evening and overnigh ...

'' Grishin, 2019 * ''

Spioniades ''Spioniades'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a s ...

'' Hübner, 1819 * ''

Systasea ''Systasea'' is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae. The name ''Systasea'' was introduced as a replacement for the name ''Lintneria'', which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy In linguistics, homonyms are words which ar ...

'' W. H. Edwards, 1877 (powdered-skippers) * ''

Trina Katrina Laverne Taylor (born December 3, 1978), known professionally as Trina, is an American rapper. She rose to prominence in 1998 with her appearance on the Trick Daddy single " Nann Nigga". Trina has been described by '' XXL'' as "the mo ...

'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Xenophanes Xenophanes of Colophon (; grc, Ξενοφάνης ὁ Κολοφώνιος ; c. 570 – c. 478 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and critic of Homer from Ionia who travelled throughout the Greek-speaking world in early Classical A ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Zobera'' Freeman, 1970 * ''

Zopyrion Zopyrion ( grc, Ζωπυρίων) (died 331 BC) was a Macedonian general. Zopyrion was made a governor either of Thrace or of Pontus by Alexander the Great. In 331 BC, he led an invasion of Scythian lands, "thinking that, if he did not attempt ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1896

Footnotes

References

* (2007):

Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site ...

&ndash
Pyrgini
Version of 2007-MAR-04. Retrieved 2009-DEC-26. * Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister Butterfly tribes {{Pyrginae-stub