The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species,
[ including the following plant pathogenic species: '']Pyrenophora teres
''Pyrenophora teres'' is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of some plant species, the most significant of which are economically important agricultural crops such as barley. Toxins include aspergillomarasmine A and related compounds.
Host & sympt ...
'', ''Pyrenophora graminea
''Pyrenophora graminea'' is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of barley that once caused significant crop yield losses in many areas of the world. Its associated anamorph is '' Drechslera graminea'' (Rabenhorst ex Schle ...
'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis'' (teleomorph) and ''Drechslera tritici-repentis'' (anamorph) is a necrotrophic plant pathogen of fungal origin, phylum Ascomycota. The pathogen causes a disease originally named yellow spot but now commonly calle ...
''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
*Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body.
*Anamorph: an ase ...
, ''Drechslera teres'') makes up to 3 conidia
A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...
per conidiophore
A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an Asexual reproduction, asexual, non-motility, motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word f ...
. It infects plants with an appressorium
An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants. It is a flattened, hyphal "pressing" organ, from which a minute infection peg grows and enters the host, using turgor pressure capable ...
. It grows bio-trophically in the first infected plant cell, but then switches to a necrotrophic
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditi ...
growth mode. During necrotrophic growth, the fungus can only be found in the plant apoplast
The ''apoplast '' is the extracellular space outside of plant cell membranes, especially the fluid-filled cell walls of adjacent cells where water and dissolved material can flow and diffuse freely. Fluid and material flows occurring in any extr ...
but not within plant cells.
Species
As accepted by Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
(which has a list over 50 former species);Pyrenophora ampla
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora astragalorum
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora avenae''
*''Pyrenophora avenicola
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora bartramiae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora biseptata
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora bondarzewii''
*'' Pyrenophora brizae''
*''Pyrenophora bromi
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora bryophila
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora buddlejae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora bupleuri
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora calvertii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora carthami
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora castillejae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora catenaria
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora centranthi
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora cerastii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora chaetomioides''
*''Pyrenophora chengii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora chrysanthemi''
*''Pyrenophora ciliolata
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora clematidis
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora convexispora
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora convolvuli
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora coppeyana''
*''Pyrenophora cynosuri
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora dactylidis''
*''Pyrenophora dematioidea
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora dichondrae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora dictyoides''
*''Pyrenophora dubia
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora ephedrae''
*''Pyrenophora ephemera
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora eriogoni
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora eryngiicola''
*''Pyrenophora erythrospila
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora euphorbiae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora filicina''
*'' Pyrenophora flavofusca''
*''Pyrenophora freticola
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora fugax
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora grahamii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora graminea
''Pyrenophora graminea'' is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of barley that once caused significant crop yield losses in many areas of the world. Its associated anamorph is '' Drechslera graminea'' (Rabenhorst ex Schle ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora heraclei''
*''Pyrenophora hordei
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora hyperici
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora japonica''
*'' Pyrenophora kugitangi''
*'' Pyrenophora leucelenes''
*''Pyrenophora leucospermi
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora lithophila''
*'' Pyrenophora lolii''
*''Pyrenophora macrospora
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora meliloti''
*''Pyrenophora metasequoiae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora minuartiae-hirsutae''
*'' Pyrenophora moroczkovskii''
*'' Pyrenophora muscorum''
*'' Pyrenophora nisikadoi''
*''Pyrenophora nobleae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora novozelandica''
*''Pyrenophora nuda
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora osmanthi''
*''Pyrenophora pachyasca
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora parvula''
*''Pyrenophora pellatii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora pellita
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora pestalozzae''
*''Pyrenophora phaeocomes
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora phlei''
*''Pyrenophora pimpinellae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora pittospori''
*''Pyrenophora poae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora polyphragmoides
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora polytricha
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora pontresinensis
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora pseudoerythrospila''
*''Pyrenophora pulsatillae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora raetica''
*'' Pyrenophora rayssiae''
*'' Pyrenophora relicina''
*''Pyrenophora rugosa
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora saviczii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora scirpi
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora seminiperda''
*'' Pyrenophora semiusta''
*''Pyrenophora seseli
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora sieglingiae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora silenes''
*'' Pyrenophora sobolewskii''
*''Pyrenophora subantarctica
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora sudetica
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora syntrichiae
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora szaferiana''
*''Pyrenophora teres
''Pyrenophora teres'' is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of some plant species, the most significant of which are economically important agricultural crops such as barley. Toxins include aspergillomarasmine A and related compounds.
Host & sympt ...
''
*''Pyrenophora tetraneuris
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora tetrarrhenae''
*''Pyrenophora tranzschelii
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora trifolii''
*''Pyrenophora triseptata
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis'' (teleomorph) and ''Drechslera tritici-repentis'' (anamorph) is a necrotrophic plant pathogen of fungal origin, phylum Ascomycota. The pathogen causes a disease originally named yellow spot but now commonly calle ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora ushuwaiensis''
*''Pyrenophora variabilis
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*''Pyrenophora venturia
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and ''Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''.
''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechsl ...
''
*'' Pyrenophora villosa''
*'' Pyrenophora wirreganensis''
References
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Pleosporaceae
{{fungus-plant-disease-stub