Pyraustinae is a large
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...
of the
lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...
n family
Crambidae
Crambidae comprises the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, with the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies ...
, the crambid snout
moth
Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...
s. It currently includes about 1,280
species
A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
[ Most of them tropical but some found in temperate regions including both North America and Europe.
The Pyraustinae were originally including the Spilomelinae; the present group was at that time considered a ]tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
Pyraustini. It has not been fully established yet which taxa of the Pyraustinae ''sensu lato'' belong to Pyraustinae as currently understood; thus the number of species in this subfamily is set to increase (although the Spilomelinae are the larger group of the old Pyraustinae).
Taxonomists' opinions differ as to the correct placement of the Crambidae
Crambidae comprises the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, with the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies ...
, some authorities treating them as a subfamily (Crambinae) of the family Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyr ...
. If this is done, Pyraustinae is usually treated as a separate subfamily within Pyralidae.
Pyraustinae are currently subdivided into three tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
: Euclastini, Portentomorphini and Pyraustini.tympanal organ
A tympanal organ (or tympanic organ) is a hearing organ in insects, consisting of a tympanal membrane ( tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac and associated sensory neurons. Sounds vibrate the membrane, and the vibrations are s ...
s; a narrow fornix tympani; a longitudinal groove with androconial scales on the male mesothoracic tibia
The tibia (; : tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two Leg bones, bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outsi ...
e; an often spinose antrum; and a sella (a medially directed clasper on the inside of the valvae), and an editum with modified seta
In biology, setae (; seta ; ) are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.
Animal setae
Protostomes
Depending partly on their form and function, protostome setae may be called macrotrichia, chaetae, ...
e on the male valvae.
Many species have larva
A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...
e that bore into stems and fruit of plants, and several, notably from the genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
'' Ostrinia'', are serious agricultural pests.
Life cycle
;Life cycle of '' Saucrobotys futilalis''
File:Saucrobotys futilalis larvae web.jpg, Larvae in web
File:Saucrobotys futilalis larva 1.jpg, Larva
File:Saucrobotys futilalis larva 2.jpg, Larva, final instar
File:Saucrobotys futilalis prepupa.jpg, Prepupa building cocoon
File:Saucrobotys futilalis pupa.jpg, Pupa
File:Saucrobotys futilalis adult.jpg, Adult
Pyraustinae taxonomy
Pyraustinae currently comprise 171 genera:Aponia
Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded 307 Common Era, BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher. Epicurus was an Atomism, atomist and materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. His materialism led h ...
'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Arenochroa'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Arunamalaia'' Rose & Kirti, 1987
*'' Asphadastis'' Meyrick, 1934
*'' Atomoclostis'' Meyrick, 1934
*'' Aulacoptera'' Hampson, 1896 (= ''Aulacophora'' Swinhoe, 1895; preoccupied by ''Aulacophora'' Dejean, 1835)
*'' Aurorobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971
*'' Authaeretis'' Meyrick, 1886 (= ''Anthaeretis'' Carus, 1887)
*'' Auxolophotis'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Betousa'' Walker, 1865 (= ''Neothyris'' Warren, 1899)
*'' Burathema'' Walker, 1863
*'' Calamochrous'' Lederer, 1863 (= ''Calamochrosta'' Lederer, 1863)
*'' Callibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
*'' Carminibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971
*'' Catapsephis'' Hampson, 1899
*'' Ceuthobotys'' Munroe, 1978
*'' Cheloterma'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Chilochroma'' Amsel, 1956
*'' Chilocorsia'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Chilopionea'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Chobera'' Moore, 1888 (= ''Thliptoceras'' Warren in Swinhoe, 1890, ''Mimocomma'' Warren, 1895, ''Parudea'' Swinhoe, 1900, ''Polychorista'' Warren, 1896)
*'' Circobotys'' Butler, 1879
*'' Clatrodes'' Marion & Viette, 1953
*'' Coelobathra'' Turner, 1908
*'' Coptobasoides'' Janse, 1935
*'' Crocidophora'' Lederer, 1863 (= ''Crocidosema'' Lederer, 1863, ''Monocrocis'' Warren, 1895)
*'' Crypsiptya'' Meyrick, 1894 (= ''Coclebotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
*'' Cryptosara'' E. L. Martin, 1956
*'' Cybalobotys'' Maes, 2001
*'' Cyclarcha'' Swinhoe, 1894
*'' Daunabotys'' Maes, 2004
*'' Decelia'' Snellen, 1880
*'' Deltobotys'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Demobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
*''Drachma
Drachma may refer to:
* Ancient drachma, an ancient Greek currency
* Modern drachma
The drachma ( ) was the official currency of modern Greece from 1832 until the launch of the euro in 2001.
First modern drachma
The drachma was reintroduce ...
'' Bryk, 1913
*'' Duzulla'' Amsel, 1952
*'' Ecpyrrhorrhoe'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Ecpyrrhorrhoa'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1846, ''Ecpyrrhorrhoea'' Hübner, 1826, ''Harpadispar'' Agenjo, 1952, ''Pyraustegia'' Marion, 1963, ''Yezobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
*'' Elosita'' Snellen, 1899
*'' Emphylica'' Turner, 1913
*'' Endographis'' Meyrick, 1894
*'' Endotrichella'' Collins, 1962 (= ''Endotrichodes'' Hampson, 1919)
*'' Enyocera'' Snellen, 1880
*'' Epicorsia'' Hübner, 1818 (= ''Episcorsia'' Hübner, 1826)
*'' Epiecia'' Walker, 1866
*'' Epiparbattia'' Caradja, 1925
*'' Eretmopteryx'' Saalmüller, 1884
*'' Erinothus'' Hampson, 1899
*'' Euclasta'' Lederer, 1855 (= ''Ilurgia'' Walker, 1859, ''Proteuclasta'' Munroe, 1958)
*'' Eumaragma'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Eumorphobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
*'' Euphyciodes'' Marion, 1954
*'' Exeristis'' Meyrick, 1886
*'' Fumibotys'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Glyphidomarptis'' Meyrick, 1936
*'' Gnamptorhiza'' Warren, 1896
*'' Gynenomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
*'' Gyptitia'' Snellen, 1883
*'' Hahncappsia'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Haplochytis'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Helvibotys'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Herpetobotys'' Maes, 2001
*'' Hutuna'' Whalley, 1962
*'' Hyalobathra'' Meyrick, 1885 (= ''Leucocraspeda'' Warren, 1890)
*'' Hyalorista'' Warren, 1892 (= ''Pyraustopsis'' Amsel, 1956)
*'' Hyphercyna'' Sauber, 1899
*'' Idiusia'' Warren, 1896
*'' Ischnoscopa'' Meyrick, 1894
*'' Isocentris'' Meyrick, 1887
*'' Lampridia'' Snellen, 1880
*'' Lamprophaia'' Caradja, 1925
*'' Lepidoplaga'' Warren, 1895
*'' Leptosophista'' Meyrick, 1938
*'' Limbobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
*'' Lirabotys'' J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
*'' Lotanga'' Moore, 1886
*'' Loxoneptera'' Hampson, 1896
*'' Loxostege'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Boreophila'' Duponchel, 1845, ''Cosmocreon'' Warren, 1892, ''Leimonia'' Hübner, 1825, ''Limonia'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, ''Margaritia'' Stephens, 1827, ''Parasitochroa'' Hannemann, 1964, ''Maroa'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1914, ''Meridiophila'' Marion, 1963, ''Polingia'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
*'' Lumenia'' de Joannis, 1929
*'' Mabra'' Moore, 1885 (= ''Neurophruda'' Warren, 1896, ''Neophruda'' Hampson, 1897, ''Streptobela'' Turner, 1937)
*'' Macrospectrodes'' Warren, 1896
*'' Megatarsodes'' Marion, 1954
*'' Metaprotus'' Hampson, 1899
*'' Metasiodes'' Meyrick, 1894
*'' Mimasarta'' Ragonot, 1894
*'' Monocoptopera'' Hampson, 1899
*'' Monodonta'' Kenrick, 1907
*'' Munroeodes'' Amsel, 1957 (= ''Munroeia'' Amsel, 1954)
*'' Nacoleiopsis'' Matsumura, 1925
*'' Nascia'' J. Curtis, 1835
*'' Neadeloides'' Klima, 1939 (= ''Adeloides'' Warren, 1892)
*'' Neoepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Neohelvibotys'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Nephelobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
*'' Nephelolychnis'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Niphostola'' Hampson, 1896
*'' Nomis'' Motschulsky, 1861
*'' Nymphulosis'' Amsel, 1959
*'' Oenobotys'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Oligocentris'' Hampson, 1896
*'' Oronomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
*'' Ostrinia'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Eupolemarcha'' Meyrick, 1937, ''Micractis'' Warren, 1892, ''Zeaphagus'' Agenjo, 1952)
*'' Pagyda'' Walker, 1859
*'' Palepicorsia'' Maes, 1995
*'' Paliga'' Moore, 1886 (= ''Eutectona'' Wang & Sung, 1980)
*'' Paracentristis'' Meyrick, 1934
*'' Paracorsia'' Marion, 1959
*'' Paranomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
*'' Paratalanta'' Meyrick, 1890 (= ''Microstega'' Meyrick, 1890)
*'' Parbattia'' Moore, 1888
*'' Paschiodes'' Hampson, 1913
*'' Patissodes'' Hampson, 1919
*'' Peribona'' Snellen, 1895 (= ''Radiorista'' Warren, 1896)
*'' Perispasta'' Zeller, 1875
*'' Pimelephila'' Tams, 1930
*'' Pioneabathra'' J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
*'' Placosaris'' Meyrick, 1897 (= ''Xanthelectris'' Meyrick, 1938)
*'' Platytesis'' Hampson, 1919
*'' Portentomorpha'' Amsel, 1956 (= ''Apoecetes'' Munroe, 1956)
*'' Powysia'' Maes, 2006
*'' Preneopogon'' Warren, 1896
*'' Proconica'' Hampson, 1899
*'' Prodasycnemis'' Warren, 1892
*'' Prodelophanes'' Meyrick, 1937
*'' Prooedema'' Hampson, 1896
*'' Protepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Protinopalpa'' Strand, 1911
*'' Protinopalpella'' Strand, 1911
*'' Prototyla'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Psammotis'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Lemia'' Duponchel, 1845, ''Lemiodes'' Guenée, 1854, ''Psamotis'' Hübner, 1825)
*'' Pseudepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Pseudognathobotys'' Maes, 2001
*'' Pseudopagyda'' Slamka, 2013
*'' Pseudopolygrammodes'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
*'' Pseudopyrausta'' Amsel, 1956
*'' Ptiladarcha'' Meyrick, 1933
*'' Pyralausta'' Hampson, 1913
*'' Pyrasia'' M. O. Martin, 1986
*'' Pyrausta'' Schrank, 1802 (= ''Aplographe'' Warren, 1892, ''Autocosmia'' Warren, 1892, ''Botys'' Latreille, 1802, ''Botis'' Swainson, 821
__NOTOC__
Year 821 (Roman numerals, DCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine general Thomas the Slav leads a revolt, and secures control over most of the Byzan ...
/small>, ''Ostreophena'' Sodoffsky, 1837, ''Ostreophana'' Sodoffsky, 1837, ''Botis'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1806, ''Cindaphia'' Lederer, 1863, ''Haematia'' Hübner, 1818, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1822, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1818, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1808, ''Herbula'' Guenée, 1854, ''Hyaloscia'' Dognin, 1908, ''Mardinia'' Amsel, 1952, ''Panstegia'' Hübner, 1825, ''Perilypa'' Hübner, 1825, ''Porphyritis'' Hübner, 1825, ''Proteroeca'' Meyrick, 1884, ''Pyrausta'' Hübner, 1825, ''Anthocrypta'' Warren, 1892, ''Pyraustes'' Billberg, 1820, ''Sciorista'' Warren, 1890, ''Rattana'' Rose & Pajni, 1979, ''Syllythria'' Hübner, 1825, ''Rhodaria'' Guenée, 1845, ''Synchromia'' Guenée, 1854, ''Tholeria'' Hübner, 1823, ''Trigonuncus'' Amsel, 1952)
*'' Pyraustimorpha'' Kocak & Seven, 1995
*'' Pyraustomorpha'' Maes, 2014
*'' Rodaba'' Moore, 1888
*'' Sarabotys'' Munroe, 1964
*'' Saucrobotys'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Scirpobotys'' Seizmair, 2021
*'' Sclerocona'' Meyrick, 1890
*'' Semniomima'' Warren, 1892
*'' Sericoplaga'' Warren, 1892
*'' Sinibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
*'' Sitochroa'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Spilodes'' Guenée, 1849)
*'' Spinoscuncus'' Chen, Zhang & Li, 2018
*'' Stenochora'' Warren, 1892
*'' Tetridia'' Warren, 1890
*'' Thivolleo'' Maes, 2006
*'' Thysanodesma'' Butler, 1889
*'' Tipuliforma'' Kenrick, 1907
*'' Tirsa'' J. F. G. Clarke, 1971
*'' Togabotys'' Yamanaka, 1978
*'' Torulisquama'' Zhang & Li, 2010
*'' Toxobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
*'' Trigamozeucta'' Meyrick, 1937
*'' Triuncidia'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Uresiphita'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Mecyna'' Guenée, 1854, ''Uresiphoeta'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847)
*'' Vittabotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
*'' Xanthostege'' Munroe, 1976
*'' Yezobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
See also
* List of crambid genera
References
External links
*
{{taxonbar, from=Q149434
Moth subfamilies
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick