The Pyralini are a tribe of snout moths described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809. They belong to the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Pyralinae, which contains the "typical" snout moths of the

Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...

and some other regions. The genus list presented here is provisional. They are deemed to represent the lineage around the type species, the meal moth (''Pyralis farinalis''), a somewhat notorious

pest Pest or The Pest may refer to: Science and medicine * Pest (organism), an animal or plant deemed to be detrimental to humans or human concerns ** Weed, a plant considered undesirable * Infectious disease, an illness resulting from an infection ** ...

of stored

cereal A cereal is any Poaceae, grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, Cereal germ, germ, and bran. Cereal Grain, grain crops are grown in greater quantit ...

s and similar goods. Like this species, Pyralini are usually largish snout moths; some are boldly colored (often in bright brown to yellow hues) by standards of their family.

Systematics and taxonomy

While the Pyralini are a successful radiation even as presently circumscribed, this delimitation is highly provisional. It is very likely that more genera belong here (unknown Pyralinae are still being discovered on a regular basis), and perhaps the group will turn out to be so large or phylogenetically inconsistent that it will be split apart. Pending a detailed analysis, the following genera are placed here (some notable species are also listed): Hypsopygia

* '' Actenia'' Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1854 ** ''

Actenia brunnealis ''Stemmatophora brunnealis'' is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is found in Southern Europe and North Africa. Moths described in 1829 Pyralini Moths of Europe Moths of Africa {{Pyralini-stub ...

'' * ''

Aglossa ''Aglossa'' is a genus of small moths belonging to the family Pyralidae. It was described by Pierre André Latreille in 1796. They are found mainly in western Eurasia, though some species have been introduced elsewhere. This genus is remarkable ...

'' * '' Amphiderita'' Turner, 1925 * ''

Arescoptera ''Arescoptera'' is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1911. It contains the single species, ''Arescoptera idiotypa'', described in the same article. It is found in Australia, including New South Wales ) , nic ...

'' Turner, 1911 * ''

Arippara ''Arippara'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. Species *'' Arippara disticha'' (Turner, 1904) *'' Arippara eogenalis'' (Snellen, 1892) References Pyralini Pyralidae genera {{Pyralini-stub ...

'' Walker,

863 __NOTOC__ Year 863 ( DCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * September 3 – Battle of Lalakaon: A Byzantine army confronts ...

/small> * '' Arispe'' Ragonot, 1891 * '' Bostra'' Walker, 1863 * ''

Cardamyla ''Cardamyla'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859 and is known from Australia. Species * ''Cardamyla carinentalis ''Cardamyla carinentalis'' is a species of snout moth in the genus '' Cardamyla''. It was desc ...

'' Walker, 1859 * ''

Catocrocis ''Catocrocis'' is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1891. Its only species, ''Catocrocis lithosialis'', was described in the same article. It is found in Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federati ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 * ''

Curena ''Curena'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. Species * '' Curena caustopa'' * '' Curena costipunctata'' Shibuya, 1928 * '' Curena externalis'' Walker, 8661865 References Pyralini Pyralidae genera

'' Walker,

866 __NOTOC__ Year 866 ( DCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * April 21 – Bardas, the regent of the Byzantine Empire, is murd ...

/small> * '' Dolichomia'' Ragonot, 1891 (mostly placed in ''

Hypsopygia ''Hypsopygia'' is a genus of moths belonging to the family Pyralidae. Though fairly small, they are large among their relatives. It was described by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Taxonomy The genera '' Herculia'', ''Dolichomia'', ''Pseudasopia'', '' Or ...

'') * '' Essina'' Ragonot, 1891 * ''

Fujimacia ''Fujimacia'' is a genus of snout moths. It contains only one species, ''Fujimacia bicoloralis'', which is found in Korea, Japan, China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's ...

'' Marumo, 1939 * '' Gauna'' Walker,

/small> ** '' Gauna aegusalis'' * '' Herculia'' (mostly placed in ''

'') * ''

'' * '' Lixa'' Walker,

/small> * ''

Macna ''Macna'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. Species * '' Macna atrirufalis'' Hampson, 1897 * '' Macna camiguina'' Semper, 1899 * '' Macna coelocrossa'' * '' Macna darabitalis'' (Snellen, 1895) * '' Macna ham ...

'' Walker, 859/small> * '' Mapeta'' * ''

Maradana Maradana is a suburb of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Maradana is the site of Maradana Railway Station, one of the primary railway hubs in the country, serving intercity rail and commuter rail. Maradana also has many railway yards and running sheds. A te ...

'' Moore, 1884 * ''

Micromastra ''Micromastra isoldalis'' is a species of snout moth, and the only species in the genus ''Micromastra''. It was described by William Schaus in 1940 and is known from the US territory of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Borik ...

'' Schaus, 1940 * ''

Neodavisia ''Neodavisia'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough James Halliday McDunnough (10 May 1877 – 23 February 1962) was a Canadian linguist, musician, and entomologist best known for his wor ...

'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1914 * ''

Ocrasa ''Ocrasa'' is a genus of moths belonging to the family Pyralidae. The genus is mostly treated as a synonym of ''Hypsopygia''. If considered valid, the genus includes many species which were formerly included in '' Herculia''.See references in Sa ...

'' (including ''Orthopygia'', mostly placed in ''

'') * '' Perisseretma'' Warren, 1895 * '' Pseudasopia'' Grote, 1873 (mostly placed in ''

'') * ''

Pyralis ''Pyralis'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Species * ''Pyralis caustica'' (Meyrick, 1884) * ''Pyralis costinotalis'' Hampson, 1917 * ''Pyralis electalis'' Hulst, 1886 * '' Pyralis farinalis'' (Linnaeus, 1 ...

'' Linnaeus, 1758 ** '' Pyralis farinalis'' – meal moth ** '' Pyralis manihotalis'' ** '' Pyralis pictalis'' – Poplar pyralis, painted meal moth * ''

Scenedra ''Scenedra'' is a genus of snout moths described by Edward Meyrick in 1884. Species * '' Scenedra decoratalis'' (Walker, 866 __NOTOC__ Year 866 ( DCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the ...

'' Meyrick, 1884 ** ''

Scenedra decoratalis ''Scenedra decoratalis'' is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is found in Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), A ...

'' * '' Scenidiopis'' Turner, 1904 * ''

Stemmatophora ''Stemmatophora'' is a genus of snout moths described by Achille Guenée in 1854. Species * '' Stemmatophora albifimbrialis'' (Hampson, 1906) * '' Stemmatophora austautalis'' (Oberthür, 1881) * '' Stemmatophora bicincta'' de Joannis, 1927 * '' ...

'' Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1854 * ''

Synaphe ''Synaphe'' is a genus of snout moths described by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Species * '' Synaphe amuralis'' (Hampson, 1900) * '' Synaphe antennalis'' (Fabricius, 1794) * '' Synaphe berytalis'' (Ragonot in de Joannis & Ragonot, 1889) * '' Synaphe ...

'' Hübner, 825/small> ** ''

Synaphe punctalis ''Synaphe punctalis'' is a moth of the family Pyralidae Species description, described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. It is found in Europe. The wingspan is 22–27 mm. The moth flies in one generation from June to August and are att ...

'' * '' Taboga'' Dyar, 1914 * '' Tanyethira'' Turner, 1911 * '' Therapne'' Ragonot, 1890 * '' Trebania'' Ragonot, 1892 ** ''

Trebania flavifrontalis ''Trebania flavifrontalis'' is a species of snout moth. It is found in Korea, Japan and China. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing ...

'' (Leech, 1889) * ''

Tretopteryx ''Tretopteryx'' is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Ragonot in 1890. It contains only one species, ''Tretopteryx pertusalis'', which is found in France, on Crete and in Turkey and Syria. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span) ...

'' Ragonot, 1890 * ''

Ulotricha ''Loryma'' is a genus of snout moths described by Francis Walker in 1859. Species *'' Loryma actenioides'' (Rebel, 1914) *'' Loryma alluaudalis'' Leraut, 2009 *''Loryma ambovombealis'' Leraut, 2009 *'' Loryma aridalis'' Rothschild, 1913 *'' L ...

'' Lederer, 1863 * '' Vitessa'' Moore,

860 __NOTOC__ Year 860 ( DCCCLX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * June 18 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessel ...

/small> Numerous Pyralinae genera have not yet been assigned to a tribe, and in general the subfamily is in need of thorough revision. Some genera have explicitly been allied with Pyralini genera in the past and might more likely than others be members of the present subfamily:Wikispecies (29 May 2011) ''contra'' references in Savela (2011) * ''

Loryma Loryma ( grc, τὰ Λόρυμα or Λώρυμα) was an ancient town and episcopal see of ancient Caria, in Asia Minor (Anatolia, Asian Turkey). It is now listed as a titular see. Loryma was a fortified place with a port, close to Cape Cynossem ...

'' Walker, 1859 * '' Scotomera'' Butler, 1881 * ''

Tegulifera ''Tegulifera'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths described by Max Saalmüller in 1880. Some authorities list it as a synonym of ''Zitha''. Type species * ''Tegulifera rubicundalis'' Saalmüller, 1880 Species Some species of this genus are:

'' Saalmüller, 1880 * ''

Zitha ''Zitha'' is a genus of Pyralidae, snout moths. Species Some species of this genus are: (incomplete list) *''Zitha absconsalis'' Leraut, 2011 *''Zitha adjunctalis'' Leraut, 2007 *''Zitha agnielealis'' Leraut, 2011 *''Zitha albostrigalis'' Saa ...

'' Walker,

/small> (including ''Tamraca'') ''

Tanaobela ''Tanaobela'' is a genus of moths in the superfamily Pyraloidea containing only one species, ''Tanaobela chrysochlora'', which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland. Its affiliations are disputed. The wingspan Th ...

'' is a more complicated case; it has by some authors been assigned to the grass moths (Crambidae, formerly included in the Pyralidae). Others have placed it in the Pyralini, which may well be correct.

Synonyms

The Pyralini have some objective

junior synonym The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linna ...

s due to misidentifications of specimens by early

entomologist Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...

s. In addition, presumed lineages around ''

'', '' Mapeta'' (= ''Homalochroa'') and ''

'' (= ''Cledeobia'') were once considered

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

ally distinct, often even as

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

, but are today included in the present tribe. While they are not likely to be subfamilies, their actual taxonomic status will be determined by future analyses. The presently-obsolete synonyms of Pyralini are:See references in Savela (2011) * Aglossinae A.Blanchard, 1840 * Asopidae Guenée, 1854 * Asopiinae Guenée, 1854 * Cledeobiinae A.Blanchard, 1840 * Homalochroidae Lederer, 1863 * Homalochroinae Lederer, 1863

Footnotes

References

* (2011)
Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'': Pyralinae
Version of 3 March 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011. * (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). ''Revista Colombiana de Entomología'' 33(1): 1-8 nglish with Spanish abstractbr>HTML fulltext
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7263213 * Moth tribes