''Puppigerus'' is an
extinct
Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
sea turtle
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the flatback, green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerh ...
from the
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...
. It is known from finds in the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, and Uzbekistan.
Taxonomy
''Puppigerus'' was described by
Edward Drinker Cope
Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American zoologist, paleontology, paleontologist, comparative anatomy, comparative anatomist, herpetology, herpetologist, and ichthyology, ichthyologist. Born to a wealthy Quaker fam ...
in 1870.
As of 1997, ''P. camperi'' and ''P. crassicostata'' were considered the two valid species.
''P. camperi'' was later thought to be the sole species of the genus until the 2005 discovery of ''P. nessovi'' from Uzbekistan.
Description

Fossils show that ''Puppigerus'' was around long,
and its weight has been estimated as being somewhere around .
Although cheloniids such as ''Puppigerus'' first appeared during the Cretaceous, several traits of this genus give it more of a resemblance to modern cheloniids: its "huge" eyes pointed sideways rather than upward, unlike more primitive cheloniids, and its shell was completely
ossified
Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in t ...
. The
pygal (rearmost plate of the upper shell) also lacked the notch seen in earlier cheloniids.
It was a
herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically evolved to feed on plants, especially upon vascular tissues such as foliage, fruits or seeds, as the main component of its diet. These more broadly also encompass animals that eat ...
, living on marine vegetation, and one of the "best-adapted" prehistoric turtles; its "unusually large" eyes helped it gather as much light as possible, and its specialized jaw structure kept it from accidentally breathing in water. Its front legs were flipper-like, but its hind legs were not developed in this manner, suggesting it would have spent considerable time on dry land, where females would have laid their eggs.
Palaeoecology
''Puppigerus camperi'' is known from the
London Clay
The London Clay Formation is a Sediment#Shores and shallow seas, marine formation (geology), geological formation of Ypresian (early Eocene Epoch, c. 54-50 million years ago) age which outcrop, crops out in the southeast of England. The London C ...
and
Bracklesham Beds of England, as well as the
Sables de Bruxelles and the
Sables de Wemmel of Belgium.
''P. nessovi'' is known from the
Dzheroi 2 locality of Uzbekistan.
A ''Puppigerus'' species is also known from the
Fur Formation of Denmark.
References
{{Testudines
Cenozoic turtles of North America
Eocene reptiles of Europe
Cheloniidae
Eocene reptiles
Fossil taxa described in 1870
Eocene reptiles of Asia
Prehistoric turtle genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Extinct turtles
Fur Formation