Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant

The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) is a chemical weapons destruction facility built to destroy the chemical weapons stockpile formerly stored at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD), now known as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity-West, in southeastern Colorado. The stockpile originally contained 2,613 U.S. tons of mustard agent in 155 mm projectiles, 105 mm projectiles, and 4.2-inch mortar rounds. The weapons had been stored at the 23,000-acre (93-km²) depot since the 1950s.

On June 16, 2023, the main plant at PCAPP destroyed its last munition, a 4.2-inch mortar round. On June 22, 2023, the last munition in the stockpile of chemical weapons in Colorado, an overpacked 155 mm projectile containing mustard agent, was destroyed using a Static Detonation Chamber. The last munition in the declared U.S. stockpile was destroyed in July 2023 in Kentucky.

PCAPP used neutralization followed by biotreatment to destroy the majority of the stockpile, and Static Detonation Chamber technology to augment the main plant.

Destruction of this stockpile was a requirement of the Chemical Weapons Convention, an international treaty to which the United States is a party. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention and monitored the progress of the nation's declared destruction programs. The Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA) oversaw the destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado and now is managing destruction of agent-contaminated secondary waste in Kentucky and closure-related activities in Colorado and Kentucky.

PEO ACWA was responsible for the safe and environmentally compliant destruction of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado and Kentucky and is now responsible for closing the plants in both states.

The Bechtel Pueblo Team (BPT; consisting of Bechtel National, Inc.; Amentum; Battelle Memorial Institute; and GP Strategies) designed, constructed, pilot-tested, operated, and is closing PCAPP.

Planning of activities

Destruction began in 2016 and concluded June 22, 2023. The plant will conduct closure activities (shutdown, dismantling, and restoration of site) for three to four years past conclusion of destruction operations.

In 2010, the Pueblo Chemical Depot, in conjunction with the ACWA program, completed an environmental assessment (EA) to meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act, or NEPA, and Title 32 Code of Federal Regulations Part 651 regarding the construction and operation of the U.S. Army's Explosive Destruction System (EDS) and/or other explosive destruction technologies (EDT), at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot in Colorado. The EA was withdrawn and a new EA was completed in 2012. The new EA focused on the use of EDT for destroying overpacked and reject munitions. In April 2013, Program Executive Officer Conrad F. Whyne announced his selection of EDS to augment the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant for the safe destruction of chemical munitions unsuited for processing by the main plant's automated equipment. In Spring 2018, the decision was made to end EDS and utilize three Static Detonation Chamber units to augment the main plant.

History of chemical demilitarization in Colorado

Technology

The Department of Defense conducted studies to evaluate potential impacts of the elimination of these weapons using incineration and non-incineration methods. Four technologies were considered:
* incineration
* chemical neutralization followed by supercritical water oxidation
* chemical neutralization followed by supercritical water oxidation and gas-phase chemical reduction
* electrochemical oxidation
Neutralization followed by biotreatment was selected for the destruction of the Colorado stockpile.

The technology comprised the following steps:
* Robotic equipment removed energetics (explosives) from the weapon, including the fuze and the burster. The energetics were disposed of at a permitted facility off-site.
* The inside of the weapon was remotely accessed and mustard agent was washed out with high-pressure water.
* The mustard agent was mixed with hot water. The resulting mixture was neutralized with a caustic solution. The byproduct was called hydrolysate. The hydrolysate was treated biologically.
* The water was recovered for reuse in the destruction process and the excess activated sludge was secured in containers for disposal at an off-site permitted facility.
* Metal parts were heated to for 15 minutes for thermal decontamination and were then recycled.

Explosive Destruction Technology (EDT)

After an assessment of problem munitions showed that their destruction would be difficult using neutralization and biotreatment, ACWA decided to explore use of Explosive Destruction Technology (aka Explosive Demolition Technology, Explosive Detonation Technology, EDT) for these projectiles.

EDT uses heat and pressure from explosion or just heat to destroy the munitions; it is not considered incineration and does not require disassembly of the weapons. There are three general types of technologies that can destroy chemical weapons:
* Detonation technology – destroys the majority of the agent and explosive in the munition by detonating donor explosives wrapped around the munition. The resulting off-gases are processed through secondary treatment to ensure agent destruction. Examples of detonation technology include th
Transportable Detonation Chamber
(TDC), and th
DAVINCH
(Detonation of Ammunition in a Vacuum-Integrated Chamber).
* Neutralization technology – uses small explosive shaped charges to open the munition and consume the explosive in the burster and fuze. The agent is destroyed by subsequent neutralization. The U.S. Army'
Explosive Destruction System
(EDS), is an example.
* Thermal destruction – uses the heat of the electrically heated containment vessel to deflagrate the munition and destroy the agent and energetics. The resulting gases are treated in an off-gas treatment system. The Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, is an example of thermal destruction technology.

In April 2013, Program Executive Officer Conrad F. Whyne announced his selection of the U.S. Army's EDS to augment the PCAPP for the safe destruction of chemical munitions unsuited for processing by the main plant's automated equipment.

The PCAPP EDS started destruction on March 18, 2015, with the elimination of Department of Transportation (DOT) bottles which contained chemical agent drained from selected munitions over the years to assess the condition of the stockpile. On April 8, the first munitions were successfully processed. In June, operators at the PCAPP EDS took things up a notch with the introduction of 4.2-inch mortars into the destruction process. The first three mortars were joined by three 105 mm projectiles. All were safely detonated in the vessel on June 18. On July 16, the first 155 mm projectiles from Pueblo's stockpile were safely destroyed in the PCAPP EDS. The PCAPP EDS completed its first campaign in February 2016, destroying 549 munitions that leaked or were sampled in the past and 11 bottles containing mustard agent. The second and final campaign ran from June 25 to Dec. 5, 2018.  

Static Detonation Chamber (SDC)

In spring 2018, PCAPP announced a proposal to procure three Static Detonation Chambers (SDC).

Due to performance issues identified during the first year of pilot testing, and in order to complete destruction of the stockpile by 2023, this technology was chosen to augment the main plant under a proposal by the ACWA program. To meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and federal regulations, an Environmental Assessment was conducted. A Finding of No Significant Impact resulted from the assessment.

Preparations at the SDC site began in June 2019. The first Static Detonation Chamber components arrived at the depot on Aug. 6, 2019, in a convoy of more than a dozen flatbed trucks. Assembly began Oct. 31, 2019. Protective, tension fabric coverings were erected around each unit, with construction beginning in September 2019. They were completed in June 2020.

On Feb. 19, 2022, chemical-agent destruction began at the Pueblo SDC complex with the processing of a portion of the 4.2-inch mortar rounds. SDC operations marked the beginning of the third and final chemical weapons destruction campaign at PCAPP.

On June 22, 2023, the last munition in the chemical weapons stockpile stored at the Pueblo Chemical Depot, an overpacked 155 mm projectile, was destroyed in the plant's Static Detonation Chamber complex.

The SDC closure plan was approved by state regulators Nov. 5, 2024, allowing workers to begin execution of the plan to transfer the units to other government agencies.

Closure

State environmental regulators approved the PCAPP closure plan March 29, 2024, and the plant is in the closure phase, expected to take three years. Closure is the final phase of the project, coming after chemical weapons destruction operations have been completed. Closure encompasses planning, preparation and disposal of agent-contaminated and non-contaminated secondary waste; facility and equipment decontamination; and decommissioning and demolition of facilities in accordance with public law and U.S. Army direction. In addition, personal property is dispositioned, real property is returned to the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity-West, formerly known as the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, as environmental permits are closed and the contract is closed.

Public Outreach

The Pueblo Chemical Stockpile Outreach Office permanently closed to the public in 2023, but staff continues to be available at [e-mail].

The Pueblo Chemical Stockpile Outreach Office was established in 1997 to serve as the community's primary information resource on chemical weapons destruction in Colorado. The staff responds to inquiries, provides information materials, coordinates guest speakers for a variety of different civic groups and organizations and interfaces with the governor-appointed Colorado Chemical Demilitarization Citizens' Advisory Commission.

The project's environmental permitting information is available for review during regular business hours at:

·       Robert Hoag Rawlings Public Library, 100 E. Abriendo Ave., Pueblo, CO 81004

·       McHarg Community Center, 405 Second Lane, Avondale, CO 81022

·       Boone Community Center, 421 E. First St., Boone, CO 81025

Additional information is also available on the following websites:
* https://cdphe.colorado.gov/hm/HMWMD-public-notices

army.mil

See also

* Pueblo Chemical Depot
* Pueblo Depot Activity
* Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant
* Base Realignment and Closure

References

External links

Centers for Disease Control – Chemical Demilitarization

Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
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U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
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PEO ACWA channel on YouTube

{{U.S. chemical weapons facilities

Buildings and structures in Pueblo County, Colorado
Chemical weapons destruction facilities
Military installations in Colorado
United States Army arsenals
United States chemical weapons depots
2015 establishments in Colorado