''Pteleocarpa'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s. The only member of the genus is the western Malesian

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

''Pteleocarpa lamponga''.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book; a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses'' 3rd edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. . (See ''External links'' below). It has had a varied systematic history and has been placed in the families

Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family (biology), family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below). consisting of trees, shrub ...

Cardiopteridaceae Cardiopteridaceae is a eudicot Family (biology), family of flowering plants. It consists of about 43 species of trees, shrubs, and Woody plant, woody vines, mostly of the tropics, but with a few in Temperateness, temperate regions.Vernon H. Heywo ...

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...

, and others.Kanokorn Rueangsawang and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2014. "Studies on Thai Pteleocarpaceae". ''Tropical Natural History'' 14(1):1-6. (See ''External links'' below). It has long been regarded as enigmatic. For example, its winged

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

is quite odd within the family Boraginaceae, where it was usually placed in the 2000s. The

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A person ...

Pteleocarpaceae had been used, but was not validly published until 2011, when the required

description Description is any type of communication that aims to make vivid a place, object, person, group, or other physical entity. It is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as ''modes of discourse''), along with exposition, argumentation, and narr ...

was

published Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...

Kew Bulletin The ''Kew Bulletin'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal on plant and fungal taxonomy and conservation published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Articles on palynology, cytology, anatomy, ...

.Richard K. Brummitt. 2011. "Valid publication of the family name Pteleocarpaceae". ''Kew Bulletin'' 66(1):1-3. . A morphological

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Field of study * Observational study * Scientific study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study ...

of ''Pteleocarpa'' was published in 2014. Also in 2014, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study of the

lamiids Asterids are a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked clades lamiids (8 orders) and ...

(a.k.a. Garryidae)

sampled Sample or samples may refer to: * Sample (graphics), an intersection of a color channel and a pixel * Sample (material), a specimen or small quantity of something * Sample (signal), a digital discrete sample of a continuous analog signal * Sample ...

''Pteleocarpa'' and resolved it as

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...

Gelsemiaceae Gelsemiaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the Order (biology), order Gentianales. The family contains only three genera: ''Gelsemium'', ''Mostuea'' and ''Pteleocarpa''. ''Gelsemium'' has three species, one native to Southeast Asi ...

.Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 101(2):287-299. . Both genera of Gelsemiaceae ('' Gelsemium'' and '' Mostuea'') were sampled and this result had maximum statistical support in three different methods of

cladistic Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...

analysis Analysis (: analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (38 ...

. The

authors In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work exists in written, graphic, visual, or recorded form. The act of creating such a work is referred to as authorship. Therefore, a sculpt ...

of that study recommended that ''Pteleocarpa'' be included in Gelsemiaceae. This was formally done in 2014 by altering the

of the family to accommodate it.Lena Struwe, Valerie L. Soza, Sugumaran Manickam, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales) expanded to include the enigmatic Asian genus ''Pteleocarpa''". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' 175(4):482–496. . In the

APG IV system The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...

published in 2016, ''Pteleocarpa'' is included in Gelsemiaceae.

References

Sources

* Miller, JS (2003) Classification of Boraginaceae subfam. Ehretioideae: resurrection of the genus ''Hilsenbergia'' Tausch ex Meisn. Adansonia, sér. 3, 25: 151-189. * Patel, RN & Bowles, A (1978) Wood anatomy of the dicotyledons indigenous to New Zealand, 12. Icacinaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 16: 7-12.

External links

Studies on Thai Pteleocarpaceae

''Pteleocarpa''Mabberley's Plant-Book
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7256659 Gelsemiaceae Monotypic Gentianales genera Flora of Malesia Taxa named by Daniel Oliver