Ptarmigans

''Lagopus'' is a genus of birds in the grouse subfamily commonly known as ptarmigans (). The genus contains four living species with numerous described subspecies, all living in tundra or cold upland areas.

Taxonomy and etymology

The genus ''Lagopus'' was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the willow ptarmigan (''Lagopus lagopus'') as the type species. The genus name ''Lagopus'' is derived from Ancient Greek (), meaning "hare, rabbit", + (), "foot", in reference to the feathered feet and toes typical of this cold-adapted group (such as the snowshoe hare). The specific epithets ''muta'' and ''leucura'' were for a long time misspelt ''mutus'' and ''leucurus'', in the erroneous belief that the ending of ''Lagopus'' denotes masculine gender. However, as the Ancient Greek term is of feminine gender, and the specific epithet has to agree with that, the feminine ''muta'' and ''leucura'' are correct.

The English name ''ptarmigan'' comes from the Scottish Gaelic name for ''L. muta'', ([]), meaning “croaker”, which refers to the bird’s frog-like call. The p- was added due to a mistaken belief in a Greek origin, as if the word were related to the Greek word (''pterón''), 'wing'.Lockwood, W. B. (1984). ''The Oxford Book of British Bird Names''. Oxford University Press .

Description

The four species are all sedentary specialists of cold regions. Willow ptarmigan is a circumpolar boreal forest species, white-tailed ptarmigan is a North American alpine bird, and rock ptarmigan breeds in both Arctic and mountain habitats across Eurasia and North America. With the exception of the red grouse (until recently considered a subspecies of willow ptarmigan), all have a white winter plumage that helps them blend into the snowy background. Even their remiges are white, while these feathers are black in almost all birds (even birds that are predominantly white, such as the Bali myna) because melanin makes them more resilient and thus improves flight performance. The ''Lagopus'' grouse apparently found it easier to escape predators by not being seen than by flying away.

These are hardy vegetarian birds, but insects are also taken by the developing young. In all species except for the willow ptarmigan, the female takes all responsibility for nesting and caring for the chicks, as is typical with gamebirds.

Species

The genus contains four species:

Fossil record

Two prehistoric species and two paleosubspecies are only known from fossils:

* ''Lagopus atavus'' (Early Pliocene of Bulgaria? - Late Pliocene)
* ''Lagopus balcanicus'' (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)Boev, Z. 1995. "Middle Villafranchian birds from Varshets (Western Balkan Range - Bulgaria)". In: Peters, D. (ed.). ''Acta palaeornithologica''. 3. Symposium SAPE. 5. Internat. Senckenberg-Konferenz 22–26 Juni 1992. - Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Frankfurt a. M., 181: 259-269.
* ''Lagopus lagopus noaillensis'' (Pleistocene of W Europe)
* ''Lagopus mutus correzensis'' (Pleistocene of W Europe)

References

* Madge, Steve; McGowan, Philip J. K. & Kirwan, Guy M. (2002): ''Pheasants, partidges and grouse: a guide to the pheasants, partridges, quails, grouse, guineafowl, buttonquails and sandgrouse of the world''. Christopher Helm, London. .

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q162029

Bird genera
Provincial symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador