Psyllid
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Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants (oligophagous). Together with
aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects in the Taxonomic rank, family Aphididae. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white Eriosomatinae, woolly ...
s, phylloxerans,
scale insect Scale insects are small insects of the Order (biology), order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha. Of dramatically variable appearance and extreme sexual dimorphism, they comprise the infraorder Coccomorpha which is considered a more convenient g ...
s and
whiteflies Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been described. Description and taxonomy The A ...
, they form the group called
Sternorrhyncha The Sternorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains the aphids, whitefly, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the now-obsolete order "Homoptera". The name "Sternorrhyncha" refers to the rearward position of ...
, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (
Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from ...
). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families; the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae. Psyllid fossils have been found from the
Early Permian 01 or 01 may refer to: * The year 2001, or any year ending with 01 * The month of January * 1 (number) Music * '01 (Richard Müller album), ''01'' (Richard Müller album), 2001 * 01 (Urban Zakapa album), ''01'' (Urban Zakapa album), 2011 * ''01011 ...
before the
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s evolved. The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the
Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects. Several genera of psyllids, especially among the
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
n fauna, secrete coverings called " lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from
predator Predation is a biological interaction in which one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common List of feeding behaviours, feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation ...
s and
parasites Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The en ...
.


Subfamilies and genera

A recent (2021) reviewBurckhardt D, Ouvrard D, Percy DM (2021) An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence. ''European Journal of Taxonomy'' 736: 137–182
DOI
/ref> identified 10 subfamilies (with one from Madagascar, yet to be described), including: ;Acizziinae * '' Acizzia'' ;Amorphicolinae * '' Amorphicola'' ; Aphalaroidinae # '' Aphalaroida'' # '' Baccharopelma'' # '' Burckhardtia'' # '' Connectopelma'' (replacement name for ''Delina'' ) # '' Ehrendorferiana'' # '' Freysuila'' (syn. Indana) # '' Pachyparia'' # '' Panisopelma'' # ''† Primascena'' # '' Prosopidopsylla'' # '' Russelliana'' (syn. Arepuna) # '' Sphinia'' # '' Yangus'' (syn. Pallipsylla) # '' Zonopelma''


Ciriacreminae

Authority: Enderlein, 1910 # '' Auchmerina'' # '' Auchmeriniella'' # '' Caradocia'' # '' Ciriacremum'' # '' Euceropsylla'' # '' Geijerolyma'' # '' Heteropsylla'' # '' Hollisiana'' # '' Insnesia'' # '' Isogonoceraia'' # '' Jataiba'' # '' Kleiniella'' (syn. ''Desmiostigma, Syndesmophlebia'') # '' Manapa'' # '' Mitrapsylla'' # '' Queiroziella'' # '' Palmapenna'' # '' Telmapsylla'' # '' Trigonon (bug)''


Diaphorininae

Authority: Vondráček, 1951 # '' Diaphorina'' (syn. ''Brachypsylla, Diaphora. Gonanoplicus, Pennavena, Eudiaphorina'') # '' Parapsylla'' (syn. ''Agmapsylla'')


Katacephalinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021 # '' Katacephala'' (syn. ''Jenseniella'') # '' Lautereropsis'' # '' Notophorina'' # '' Tuthillia''


Macrocorsinae

Authority: Vondráček, 1963 # '' Apsyllopsis'' # '' Brinckitia'' # '' Colophorina'' (syn. †''Otroacizzia'') # '' Epiacizzia'' # '' Euphaleropsis'' (syn. ''Peregrinivena'') # '' Euphalerus'' # '' Euryconus'' # '' Macrocorsa'' # '' Paraphyllura'' # '' Pugionipsylla'' # '' Retroacizzia'' # '' Tridencopsylla'' # '' Trisetipsylla''


Platycoryphinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021 # '' Allophorina'' # '' Limbopsylla'' # '' Padaukia'' (syn. ''Peltapaurocephala'') # '' Platycorypha'' (syn. ''Neopsyllia'')


Psyllinae Psyllinae is a subfamily of plant-parasitic hemipterans in the family Psyllidae. It includes minor pest species such as: the apple psylla, '' Cacopsylla mali'' and '' Cacopsylla pyri'' (a.k.a. '' Psylla pyri''), commonly known as the pear psyll ...

Authority: Latreille, 1807; selected genera: * '' Cacopsylla'' (syn. ''Edentatipsylla, Hepatopsylla, Osmopsylla, Thamnopsylla, Psyllia'') * '' Psylla'' Geoffroy, 1762 (syn. ''Baeopelma syn. nov., Chamaepsylla syn. nov., Psylla (Labyrinthopsylla) syn. nov., Asphagis'' ) Note: the genus '' Pachypsylla'' is now placed in the family Carsidaridae.


Coevolution

Insect-plant interactions have been important in defining models of
coevolution In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection. The term sometimes is used for two traits in the same species affecting each other's evolution, as well a ...
and cospeciation, referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa, though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed.


Status as pests

With taxonomic revisions at genus level and above, species including agricultural pests, that have been classed as "Psyllids" may now placed in other families including the Carsidaridae,
Liviidae Liviidae is a family of Psylloidea, plant lice (order Hemiptera), with about 19 genera. Subfamilies and genera There have been various classifications of Psylloidea including that of Burckhardt and Ouvrard (2012); in the latest (2021) review,Bur ...
and
Triozidae Triozidae is one of seven families, collectively referred to as Psylloidea, plant lice, based on the type genus ''Trioza''. They had traditionally been considered part of a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the superfam ...
. Citrus greening, also known as ''huanglongbing'', associated with the presence of a bacterium ''Liberibacter asiaticum'', is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector, the " Asian citrus psyllid", ACP, ''Diaphorina citri'', such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect, but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality, flavor, and production, as well as causing citrus trees to die. ACP was found in Florida in 1998, and has since spread across the southern US into Texas. This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005. Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens specific to ACP. Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid-spread diseases, an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established.International Psyllid Genome Consortium
/ref> Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest's biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner. The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology, expanding what is known about gene families, genetic variation, and gene expression in insects. Thus far, two new psyllid viruses have been discovered, and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations. Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation, and as a system to propagate ''C. liberibacter'' for molecular studies on infection and replication. Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria. Thus far, 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a ''
Wolbachia ''Wolbachia'' is a genus of gram-negative bacteria infecting many species of arthropods and filarial nematodes. The symbiotic relationship ranges from parasitism to obligate mutualism. It is one of the most common parasitic microbes of arthrop ...
'' species.


References

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External links

* On the
University of Florida The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida and a preem ...
/
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences An institute is an organizational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body. In some countries, institutes ca ...
''Featured Creatures'' website
''Blastopsylla occidentalis'', eucalyptus psyllid








{{Authority control Hemiptera families Insect vectors of plant pathogens