''Prunum'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
sea snail
Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...
s,
marine gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusc
Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...
s in the subfamily
Pruninae of the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Marginellidae
Marginellidae, or the margin shells, are a taxonomic family of small, often colorful, sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Neogastropoda.
Taxonomy
The higher classification of the family Marginellidae has long been in a state o ...
, the margin snails.
The separation between the genera ''Prunum'' and ''Volvarina'' is not very precise. They form together a
monophyletic
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria:
# the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
clade. The differences between these two genera are based on differences in the morphology of the shell, the
radula
The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...
, the radular cartilage, the mantle and the internal anatomy. A rather arbitrary criterion is currently used to distinguish between the two genera. The large species with a strong
callus
A callus (: calluses) is an area of thickened and sometimes hardened skin that forms as a response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on the feet and hands, b ...
are placed in ''Prunum'', the slender species with a thin callus in ''Volvarina'', leaving in between many ambiguous species. To date (2010) there is no
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...
analysis behind the current generic placements
Species
Species within the genus ''Prunum'' include:
* ''
Prunum abyssorum''
(Tomlin, 1916)
* ''
Prunum adelantado''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* ''
Prunum aikeni''
T. Cossignani, 2018
* ''
Prunum aitanae''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2019
* ''
Prunum albertoangelai''
Cossignani, 2005
* ''
Prunum albertoi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 1998
* ''
Prunum albuminosa''
(Dall, 1919)
* ''
Prunum aletes''
Roth, 1978
* ''
Prunum amabile''
(Redfield, 1852)
* ''
Prunum amphorale''
de Souza, 1992
* ''
Prunum amygdalum''
(Kiener, 1841)
* ''
Prunum annulatum''
(Reeve, 1865)
* ''
Prunum antillanum''
(Sarasúa, 1992)
* ''
Prunum apicinum''
(Menke, 1828)
* ''
Prunum arangoi'' E
spinosa & Ortea, 2015
* ''
Prunum bahiense''
(Tomlin 1917)
* ''
Prunum batabanoense''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
* ''
Prunum bayonai''
Cossignani, 2009
* ''
Prunum beali''
(McGinty, 1940)
* ''
Prunum bellulum''
(Dall, 1890)
* ''
Prunum boreale''
(A. E. Verrill, 1884)
* ''
Prunum caledonicum''
Cossignani, 2001
* ''
Prunum camachoi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
* ''
Prunum canasense''
Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
* ''
Prunum caneli''
Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007
* ''
Prunum canilla''
(Dall, 1927)
* ''
Prunum capense''
(Krauss, 1848)
* ''
Prunum carneum''
(Storer, 1837)
* ''
Prunum cassis''
(Dall, 1889)
* ''
Prunum catochense''
Cossignani, 2004
* ''
Prunum chagosi''
Hayes & Boyer, 1997
* ''
Prunum chumi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2000
* ''
Prunum cinctum''
(Kiener, 1834)
* ''
Prunum cineraceum''
(Dall, 1889)
* ''
Prunum circumvittatum''
(Weisbord, 1962)
* ''
Prunum coltrorum''
Cossignani, 2005
* ''
Prunum conchibellum''
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
* ''
Prunum cubanum''
Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
* ''
Prunum curtum''
(G.B. Sowerby, 1832)
* ''
Prunum damasoi''
Cossignani, 2006
* ''
Prunum dawnbrinkae''
Massier, 1993
* ''
Prunum egmontense''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
* ''
Prunum dinisioi''
Cossignani, 2006
* ''
Prunum enriquevidali''
Espinosa & Ortea, 1995
* ''
Prunum estafaniae''
Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
* ''
Prunum evelynae''
(Bayer, 1943)
* ''
Prunum flori''
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
* ''
Prunum frumari''
Petuch & Sargent, 2012
*''
Prunum fulminatum''
(Kiener, 1841)
* ''
Prunum gijon''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2006
* ''
Prunum goliat''
Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
* ''
Prunum gorgonense''
Roth, 1978
* ''
Prunum gregorioi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* ''
Prunum guttatum''
(Dillwyn, 1817)
* ''
Prunum hartleyanum''
(Schwengel, 1941)
* ''
Prunum holandae''
Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
* ''
Prunum humboldti''
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009
* ''
Prunum hunabi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
* ''
Prunum ianusi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
* ''
Prunum javii''
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2013
* ''
Prunum josealejandroi''
Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
* ''
Prunum labiatum''
(Kiener, 1841)
* ''
Prunum labrosum''
(Redfield, 1870)
* ''
Prunum lalanai''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
* ''
Prunum leonardhilli''
Petuch, 1990
* ''
Prunum lipei''
(Clover, 1990)
* ''
Prunum lizanoi''
Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
* ''
Prunum lorenae''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
* ''
Prunum macleani''
Roth, 1978
* ''
Prunum magliaroi''
T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2021
* ''
Prunum magnificum''
(Sarasúa, 1989)
* ''
Prunum marginatum'' (Born, 1778)
* ''
Prunum mariateresae''
Cossignani, 2009
* ''
Prunum martini''
(Petit, 1853)
* ''
Prunum mingueloi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
* ''
Prunum montseae''
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
* ''
Prunum nataliae''
Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
* ''
Prunum negoi''
Cossignani, 2005
* ''
Prunum niciezai''
Espinosa & Ortea, 1998
* ''
Prunum nivosum''
(Hinds, 1844)
* ''
Prunum nobilianum''
(Bayer, 1943)
* ''
Prunum oblongum''
(Swainson, 1829) (
nomen dubium
In binomial nomenclature, a ''nomen dubium'' (Latin for "doubtful name", plural ''nomina dubia'') is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application.
Zoology
In case of a ''nomen dubium,'' it may be impossible to determine whether a ...
)
* ''
Prunum olivaeforme''
(Kiener, 1834)
* ''
Prunum pacotalaverai''
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
* ''
Prunum pellucidum''
(Pfeiffer, 1840)
* ''
Prunum pinerum''
Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
* ''
Prunum poeyi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
* ''
Prunum poulosi''
Lipe, 1996
* ''
Prunum pruinosum''
(Hinds, 1844)
* ''
Prunum prunum''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''
Prunum pulchrum''
(Gray, 1839)
* ''
Prunum pulidoi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
* ''
Prunum pyrumoides''
Lussi & Smith, 1999
* ''
Prunum quelimanensis''
Bozzetti, 2001
* ''
Prunum quini''
Ortea & Espinosa, 2018
* ''
Prunum quinteroi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
* ''
Prunum redfieldii''
(Tryon, 1882)
* ''
Prunum roosevelti''
(Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)
* ''
Prunum rosasi''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* ''
Prunum roscidum''
(Redfield, 1860)
* ''
Prunum rostratum''
(Redfield, 1870)
* ''
Prunum rubens''
(Martens, 1881)
* ''
Prunum sapotilla''
(Hinds, 1844)
* ''
Prunum saulcyanum''
(Petit, 1851)
* † ''
Prunum seriaense''
Harzhauser, Raven & Landau, 2018
* ''
Prunum similerato''
Ortega & Gofas, 2019
* ''
Prunum smalli''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
* ''
Prunum storeria''
(Couthouy, 1837)
* ''
Prunum succineum''
(Conrad, 1846)
* ''
Prunum sunderlandorum''
Petuch & Berschauer, 2020
* ''
Prunum tacoense''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
* ''
Prunum tethys''
Lussi & Smith, 1999
* ''
Prunum thalassicola''
Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007
* ''
Prunum torticulum''
(Dall, 1881)
* ''
Prunum triangulum''
Lussi & G. Smith, 2015
* ''
Prunum virginianum''
(Conrad, 1868)
* ''
Prunum walvisianum''
(Tomlin, 1920)
* ''
Prunum woodbridgei'' (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)
;Species brought into synonymy :
* ''Prunum abbreviatum'' (C.B. Adams, 1850) : synonym of ''
Volvarina lactea'' (Kiener, 1841)
* ''Prunum adelum'' (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of ''
Volvarina adela'' (Thiele, 1925)
* ''Prunum aguayoi'' Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 : synonym of ''Prunum lipei'' (Clover, 1990)
* ''Prunum agulhasensis'' Thiele, 1925 : synonym of ''
Hydroginella agulhasensis'' (Thiele, 1925)
* ''Prunum alabaster'' Reeve, 1865 : synonym of ''
Volvarina rubella navicella'' Reeve, 1865
* ''Prunum ameliensis'' (Tomlin 1917) : synonym of ''
Volvarina ameliensis'' (Tomlin, 1917)
* ''Prunum attenuatum'' (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of ''
Volvarina attenuata'' (Reeve, 1865)
* ''Prunum augusta''
(Thiele, 1925): synonym of ''
Dentimargo augusta''
(Thiele, 1925)
* ''Prunum avenacea'' (Deshayes, 1844): synonym of ''Prunum bellulum'' (Dall, 1890)
* ''Prunum avenella'' (Dall, 1881): synonym of ''
Volvarina avenella''
(Dall, 1881)
* ''Prunum bahiensis''
ic synonym of ''
Prunum bahiense''
(Tomlin, 1917) (incorrect gender ending)
* ''Prunum avenellum'' (Dall, 1881): synonym of ''
Volvarina avenella'' (Dall, 1881)
* ''Prunum batabanoensis'' Espinosa & Ortea, 2002: synonym of ''Prunum batabanoense'' Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
* ''Prunum bellum'' (Conrad, 1868): synonym of ''
Prunum avenacea'' (Deshayes, 1844)
* ''Prunum caerulescens''
Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of ''Prunum prunum''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Prunum cahuitaensis''
Magaña, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003: synonym of ''
Prunum cahuitaense'' ''Magaña, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003'' (incorrect gender ending)
* ''Prunum canasensis''
Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011: synonym of ''
Prunum canasense''
Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011 (incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
* ''Prunum canellum'' (Jousseaume, 1875): synonym of ''Prunum rostratum'' (Redfield, 1870)
* ''Prunum cantharus''
Reeve, 1865 : synonym of ''Prunum capense''
(Krauss, 1848)
* ''Prunum capensis''
(Krauss, 1848) : synonym of ''
Prunum capense''
(Krauss, 1848)
* ''Prunum carnum'' Storer, 1837 : synonym of ''Prunum carneum'' (Storer, 1837)
* ''Prunum charbarensis'' (Melvill, 1897) : synonym of ''
Volvarina charbarensis'' (Melvill, 1897)
* ''Prunum colomborum'' Bozzetti, 1995 : synonym of ''
Marginella colomborum'' (Bozzetti, 1995)
* ''Prunum conchibellus'' Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010 : synonym of ''Prunum conchibellum'' Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
* ''Prunum crassilabrum'' (G.B. Sowerby I, 1846) : synonym of ''Prunum labrosum'' (Redfield, 1870)
* ''Prunum deliciosum'' (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1912) : synonym of ''
Volvarina deliciosa'' (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1913)
* ''Prunum dinisioi''
T. Cossignani, 2006: synonym of ''
Volvarina dinisioi''
(T. Cossignani, 2006) (original combination)
* Prunum egmontensis
ic synonym of ''
Prunum egmontense''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2015 (original spelling: incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
* ''Prunum evax'' Li, 1930 : synonym of ''Prunum sapotilla'' (Hinds, 1844)
* ''Prunum exile'' (Gmelin, 1791) : synonym of ''
Volvarina exilis'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Prunum fortunatum''
(Clover & Macca, 1990): synonym of ''
Volvarina fortunata''
Clover & Macca, 1990
* ''Prunum fraterculus'' E.A. Smith, 1915 : synonym of ''Prunum martini'' (Petit, 1853)
* ''Prunum fulgidum''
Lussi & G. Smith, 1999: synonym of ''
Volvarina fulgida'' ''(Lussi & G. Smith, 1999)'' (original combination)
* ''Prunum hartleyanum'' (Schwengel, 1941): synonym of ''Prunum virginianum hartleyana'' (Schwengel, 1941)
* ''Prunum helena'' Thiele, 1925 : synonym of ''
Hyalina helena'' (Thiele, 1925)
* ''Prunum hoffi'' Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991 : synonym of ''
Canalispira hoffi'' (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991)
* ''Prunum hondurasense'' (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of ''Prunum pulchrum'' (Gray, 1839)
* ''Prunum hondurasensis'' (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of ''Prunum pulchrum'' (Gray, 1839)
* ''Prunum insulanum'' (Gofas & Fernandes, 1988) : synonym of ''
Volvarina insulana'' Gofas & Fernandes, 1988
* ''Prunum joubini'' Bavay, 1913: synonym of ''Prunum bahiense'' (Tomlin, 1917)
* ''Prunum keenii'' Marrat, 1871: synonym of ''
Hyalina keenii'' (Marrat, 1871)
* ''Prunum laetitium'' (Thiele, 1925): synonym of ''
Volvarina laetitia'' (Thiele, 1925)
* ''Prunum longivaricosum''
Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Prunum guttatum''
(Dillwyn, 1817)
* ''Prunum mabellae''
(Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of ''
Volvarina mabellae''
(Melvill & Standen, 1901)
* ''Prunum marianae'' Bozzetti, 1999: synonym of ''Prunum pyrumoides'' Lussi & G. Smith, 1999
* ''Prunum monile''
(Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''
Volvarina monilis''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Prunum olivaeformis'' (Kiener, 1834): synonym of ''Prunum olivaeforme'' (Kiener, 1834)
* ''Prunum pergrande''
(Clover, 1974): synonym of ''
Volvarina pergrandis''
Clover, 1974
* ''Prunum pergrandis''
ic synonym of ''Prunum pergrande''
(Clover, 1974): synonym of ''
Volvarina pergrandis''
Clover, 1974 (incorrect gender ending)
* ''Prunum riparia'' Gofas & Fernandes, 1992: synonym of ''
Volvarina riparia'' Gofas & Fernandes, 1992
* ''Prunum roberti'' (Bavay, 1917): synonym of ''
Volvarina roberti'' (Bavay, 1917)
* ''Prunum roosevelti'' Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 : synonym of P''runum amabile'' (Redfield, 1852)
* ''Prunum sauliae''
(G. B. Sowerby II, 1846): synonym of ''
Volvarina sauliae''
(G. B. Sowerby II, 1846)
* ''Prunum serrei'' Bavay, 1913 : synonym of ''
Volvarina serrei'' (Bavay, 1913)
* ''Prunum sowerbyanum'' Petit, 1851 : synonym of ''
Prunum monile'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Prunum styrium'' Dall, 1889 : synonym of ''
Volvarina styria'' (Dall, 1889)
* ''Prunum succinea'' (Conrad, 1846):
synonym of ''
Prunum succineum'' (Conrad, 1846)
* ''Prunum tacoensis''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2014: synonym of ''Prunum tacoense''
Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
* ''Prunum terverianum''
(Petit de la Saussaye, 1851): synonym of ''
Volvarina monilis''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Prunum watsoni''
(Dall, 1881): synonym of ''
Eratoidea watsoni''
(Dall, 1881)
* ''Prunum yucatecana''
(Dall, 1881): synonym of ''Dentimargo yucatecanus''
(Dall, 1881): synonym of ''
Dentimargo yucatecana''
(Dall, 1881)
References
* Cossignani T. (2006). ''Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World''. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3005668
Marginellidae
Gastropod genera