Proto-Madang
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The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a
language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics ...
of
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an island country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean n ...
. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by
Stephen Wurm Stephen Adolphe Wurm (, ; 19 August 1922 – 24 October 2001) was a Hungarian-born Australian linguist. Early life Wurm was born in Budapest, the second child to the German-speaking Adolphe Wurm and the Hungarian-speaking Anna Novroczky. ...
, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.Madang
/ref> The family is named after
Madang Province Madang is a Provinces of Papua New Guinea, province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages. The capi ...
and the
Adelbert Range Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at . The Northern Adelbert languages and Southern Adelbert languages are spoken in the region. Fauna and flora As with ...
.


History

Sidney Herbert Ray Sidney Herbert Ray (28 May 1858 – 1 January 1939) was a British comparative and descriptive linguist who specialised in Melanesian languages.Papers and field notes relating to his linguistic work are held bSOAS Special Collections/ref> Bio ...
identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by
Arthur Capell Arthur Capell (28 March 1902 – 10 August 1986) was an Australian linguist, who made major contributions to the study of Australian languages, Austronesian languages and Papuan languages. Early life Capell was born in Newtown, New South W ...
to create his Madang family.
John Z'graggen John Z'graggen (born Hans Anton Z'graggen on 24 June 1932 in Schattdorf, Canton of Uri, Switzerland; died 20 May 2013 in Menzingen, Switzerland) was a Swiss Roman Catholic priest, missionary, linguist, and anthropologist known for his extensive wo ...
(1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and
Stephen Wurm Stephen Adolphe Wurm (, ; 19 August 1922 – 24 October 2001) was a Hungarian-born Australian linguist. Early life Wurm was born in Budapest, the second child to the German-speaking Adolphe Wurm and the Hungarian-speaking Anna Novroczky. ...
(1975) adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the
Brahman In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
branch.


Internal classification

The languages are as follows: * Madang ** '' Bargam'' (Mugil) ** Central Madang *** Croisilles (reduced, = Northern Adelbert Range) *** Mabuso *** Mindjim *** Rai Coast (reduced; > South Madang) *** '' Yamben'' ** West Madang *** Southern Adelbert Range (Sogeram and Tomul Rivers) ***
Kalam ''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic fai ...
(Kaironk River) ** East Madang *** '' Wasembo'' *** Yaganon The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.


Pronouns

Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows: : These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as
Kalam ''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic fai ...
verbal suffixes.


Evolution

Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:


Family-wide innovations

*pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-) *pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang *timbi(n,t) ( metathesis) *pTNG *(n)ok ‘water’ replaced by proto-Madang *yaŋgu


Croisilles

Garuh language Nobonob (Nobanob, Nobnob), also known as Butelkud-Guntabak or Garuh (cf. closely related Garus language, Garus), is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. The language is expanding slightly. Ari (Ati, A’i) is a dialect. Phonology Vowels (o ...
: *''muki'' ‘brain’ < *muku *''bi'' ‘guts’ < *simbi *''hap'' ‘cloud’ < *samb(V) *''balamu'' ‘firelight’ < *mbalaŋ *''wani'' ‘name’ < * ni ‘who?’ *''wus'' ‘wind, breeze’ < *kumbutu *''kalam'' ‘moon’ < *kala(a,i)m *''neg-'' ‘to watch’ < *nVŋg- ‘see, know’ *''ma'' ‘taro’ < *mV *''ahi'' ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ Pay language: *''in-'' ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)- *''kawus'' ‘smoke’ < *kambu *''tawu-na'' ‘ashes’ < *sambu *''imun'' ‘hair’ < *sumu(n,t) *''ano'' ‘who’ < * ni Proto-Northern Adelbert: * *waben ‘arm, hand’ < *mbena * *bab ‘older brother’ < * bmba * *ked ‘blood’ < *ke(nj,s)a * *gemaŋ ‘heart’ < *kamu * *kumaŋ ‘neck, nape’ < *kuma(n, ŋ) * *kasin ‘mosquito’ < *kasin * *um- ‘die’ < *kumV- * *in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u) * *ag- 'see' ‘know, hear, see’ < *nVŋg- * *me (+verb) ‘NEG’ < *ma- (+verb) * *yag ‘water’ < *ok * *tak ‘leaf’ < *sasak


Kalam ''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic fai ...

Kalam language Kalam is a Kalam language of Papua New Guinea. It is closely related to Kobon, and shares many of the features of that language. Kalam is spoken in Middle Ramu District of Madang Province and in Mount Hagen District of Western Highlands Prov ...
(most closely related to the
Rai Coast languages The Rai Coast languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. Sidney Herbert Ray identified what was then known of the Rai Coast languages as a unit in 1919. They were linked with the Mabuso languages in 1951 by Arthur ...
): *''meg'' ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat *''md-magi'' ‘heart’ < *mundu-maŋgV *''mkem'' ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, chin’ *''sb'' ‘excrement, guts’ < *simbi *''muk'' ‘milk, sap, brain’ < *muku *''yman'' ‘louse’ < *iman *''yb'' ‘name’ < *imbi *''kdl'' ‘root’ < *kindil *''malaŋ'' ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ *''melk'' ‘(fire or day)light’ < *(m,mb)elak *''kn-'' ‘to sleep, lie down’ < *kini(i,u) *''kum-'' ‘die’ < *kumV- *''md- < *mVna-'' ‘be, stay’ *''nŋ-, ng-'' ‘perceive, know, see, hear, etc’ < *nVŋg- *''kawnan'' ‘shadow, spirit’ < *k(a,o) *''nan, takn'' ‘moon’ < *takVn *''magi'' ‘round thing, egg, fruit, etc.’ < *maŋgV *''ami'' ‘mother’ < *am(a,i,u) *''b'' ‘man’ < *ambi *''bapi, -ap'' ‘father’ < *mbapa, *ap *''saŋ'' ‘women’s dancing song’ < *saŋ *''ma-'' ‘negator’ < *ma- *''an'' ‘who’ < * ni


Rai Coast

Dumpu language: *''man-'' ‘be, stay’ < *mVna- *''mekh'' ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat *''im'' ‘louse’ < *iman *''munu'' ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘inner organs’ *''kum-'' ‘die’ < *kumV- *''kono'' ‘shadow’ < *k(a,o)nan *''kini-'' ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u) *''ra-'' ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a- *''urau'' ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V *''gra'' ‘dry’ < *(ŋg,k)atata


Southern Adelbert

Sirva language: *''mun(zera)'' ‘be, stay’ < *mVna- *''kaja'' ‘blood’ < *kenja *''miku'' ‘brain’ < *muku *''simbil'' ‘guts’ < *simbi *''tipi'' ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,)ut(i,u)C ( metathesis) *''iːma'' ‘louse’ < *iman *''ibu'' ‘name’ < *imbi *''kanumbu'' ‘wind’ < *kumbutu *''mundu(ma)'' ‘nose’ < *mundu *''kaːsi'' ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ *''apapara'' ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta *''kumu-'' ‘die’ < *kumV- *''ŋg-'' ‘see’ < *nVŋg-


Proto-language

The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014) are from the Trans-New Guinea database. Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from
Andrew Pawley Andrew Kenneth Pawley (born 1941 in Sydney) is an Australian–New Zealand linguist and Emeritus Professor at the School of Culture, History and Language of the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University. Career Paw ...
and
Harald Hammarström Harald Hammarström (born 1977 in Västerås, Sweden) is a Swedish linguist. He is currently an Associate Senior Lecturer at Uppsala University. Hammarström is especially known for his extensive work on curating ''Glottolog'', a bibliographic dat ...
(2018). :


Notes


References

* *Pawley, Ross, & Osmond, 2005. ''Papuan languages and the Trans New Guinea phylum''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 38–51.


CLDF Dataset

*Z'graggen, J A. (1980) A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (CLDF dataset on Zenodo )


External links

*ELAR archive o
Documenting the Sogeram Language Family of Papua New Guinea
{{Languages of Papua New Guinea Languages of Papua New Guinea Madang–Upper Yuat languages