Prosper of Aquitaine (; – AD), also called ''Prosper Tiro'', was a

Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...

writer and disciple of

Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

, and the first continuator of

Jerome Jerome (; ; ; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. He is best known ...

's Universal Chronicle. Particularly, Prosper is identified with the (later) axiom ''—'the law r ''those things''we pray is the law we believe is the law we live.

Life

Prosper was a native of

Aquitaine Aquitaine (, ; ; ; ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Aguiéne''), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former Regions of France, administrative region. Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administ ...

, and may have been educated at

Bordeaux Bordeaux ( ; ; Gascon language, Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde Departments of France, department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the Prefectures in F ...

. By 417 he arrived in

Marseille Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...

as a refugee from

in the aftermath of the Gothic invasions of Gaul. In 429 he was corresponding with

Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

. In 431 he appeared in

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

to appeal to Pope Celestine I regarding the teachings of Augustine; there is no further trace of him until 440, the first year of the pontificate of Pope Leo I, who had been in

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

, where he may have met Prosper. In any case Prosper was soon in Rome, attached to the pope in some secretarial or notarial capacity. Gennadius of Massilia's ''De viris illustribus'' (lxxxiv, 89) repeats the tradition that Prosper dictated the famous letters of Leo I against

Eutyches Eutyches (; c. 375–454) or Eutyches of Constantinople

. The date of his death is not known, but his chronicle goes as far as 455, and the fact that the chronicler Marcellinus mentions him under the year 463 seems to indicate that his death was shortly after that date. Prosper was a layman, but he threw himself with ardour into the religious controversies of his day, defending Augustine and propagating

orthodoxy Orthodoxy () is adherence to a purported "correct" or otherwise mainstream- or classically-accepted creed, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical co ...

. In his ''De vocatione omnium gentium'' ("The Call of all Nations"), in which the issues of the call to the Gentiles is discussed in the light of Augustine's doctrine of Grace, Prosper appears as the first of the medieval Augustinians. The Pelagians were attacked in a glowing polemical poem of about 1000 lines, ''Adversus ingratos'', written about 430. The theme, '' dogma quod ... pestifero vomuit coluber sermone Britannus'', is relieved by a treatment not lacking in liveliness and in classical measures. After Augustine's death he wrote three series of Augustinian defences, especially against Vincent of Lérins (''Pro Augustino responsiones''). His chief work was his ''De gratia Dei et libero arbitrio'' (432), written against

John Cassian John Cassian, also known as John the Ascetic and John Cassian the Roman (, ''Ioannes Cassianus'', or ''Ioannes Massiliensis''; Greek: Ίωάννης Κασσιανός ό Ερημίτης; – ), was a Christian monk and theologian celebrated ...

's ''Collatio''. He also induced Pope Celestine to publish an open letter to the bishops of Gaul, ''Epistola ad episcopos Gallorum'' against some members of the Gaulish Church. He had earlier opened a correspondence with Augustine, along with his friend Hilary (not Hilary of Arles), and although he did not meet him personally, his enthusiasm for the great theologian led him to make an abridgment of his commentary on the

Psalms The Book of Psalms ( , ; ; ; ; , in Islam also called Zabur, ), also known as the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called ('Writings'), and a book of the Old Testament. The book is an anthology of B ...

, as well as a collection of sentences from his works—probably the first dogmatic compilation of that class in which Peter Lombard's ''Liber sententiarum'' is the best-known example. He also put into elegiac metre, in 106 epigrams, some of Augustine's theological dicta. Far more important historically than these is Prosper's ''Epitoma chronicon'' (covering the period 379–455) which Prosper first composed in 433 and updated several times, finally in 455. It was circulated in numerous manuscripts and was soon continued by other hands, whose beginning dates identify Prosper's various circulated editions. The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 1911 found it a careless compilation from

in the earlier part, and from other writers in the later, but that the lack of other sources makes it very valuable for the period from 425 to 455, which is drawn from Prosper's personal experience. Compared with his continuators, Prosper gives detailed coverage of political events. He covers

Attila Attila ( or ; ), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in early 453. He was also the leader of an empire consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans, and Gepids, among others, in Central Europe, C ...

's invasions of Gaul (451) and Italy (452) in lengthy entries under their respective years. Though he was a poet himself, the sole secular writer Prosper mentions is Claudian. There were five different editions, the last of them dating from 455, just after the death of

Valentinian III Valentinian III (; 2 July 41916 March 455) was Roman emperor in the Western Roman Empire, West from 425 to 455. Starting in childhood, his reign over the Roman Empire was one of the longest, but was dominated by civil wars among powerful general ...

. For a long time the ''Chronicon imperiale'' was wrongly attributed to him. It is entirely independent of the real Prosper, and in parts even shows Pelagian tendencies and sympathies.

Writings

Prosper of Aquitaine's most influential writings are admired for their classical qualities, but have been criticized for being flat and dull.White, 113 His writings come mostly from the second quarter of the fifth century. ;''De vocatione omnium gentium'' (''Calling of All Nations'') This was Prosper's attempt to reconcile

's teaching on grace in which he suggests that God wishes all men to be saved. The argument is that although all human beings do not receive the grace that saves, they do receive God's general grace. Written in AD 450, the ''Calling of All Nations'' was Prosper's most original contribution to theology. ;''Epitoma Chronicon'' This was Prosper's version of the history of the World. In it he sought to give his own version of the Pelagian controversy and in his own interpretation of recent history. The ''Epitoma Chronicon'' ends in 455. ;''Capitulla'' This was a simple list of ten doctrinal points asserting the efficacy and necessity of God's Grace, each separately supported by papal statements. It was a strong defense of an essential Augustinian doctrine, but most moderate one to its date.Muhlberger, 51–52 Prosper did not mention Augustine's name in the doctrine, but also did not reject any of his thoughts on

predestination Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby Go ...

. It was written between 435 and 442. ;''Sententia'' and ''Epigrammata'' The Sententia was a collection of 392 maxims drawn up against the writings of

. The epigrammata was a compilation of 106 epigrams of florilegium in verse. Both were intended to be used as handbooks for the serious Christian, drawn from an Augustinian point of view. The work was devoted to the discussion of doctrines of grace and the incarnation. The motto of the florilegia was monastically influenced, urging the reader to patience through adversity, exercise of virtue, and constant striving to perfection. ;''Liber contra Collatorem'' This writing represents the final opinion of Prosper on the problem of necessity of grace. It was written during the reign of Pope Sixtus III (link) and is a step-by step response to Conference XIII of the ''Conlationes'' of

. ;''Carmen de Providentia Divina'' (''Poem on Divine Providence'') The problem of providence is discussed in the context of God's creation of the World and in relation to the invasion of

by the

Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vand ...

and the

Goths The Goths were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe. They were first reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 3rd century AD, living north of the Danube in what is ...

. This work has been attributed to Prosper of Aquitaine in the past, but this theory has been discredited.

Legacy

"Prosper of Aquitaine was much more famous for what he wrote than for what he did." (Abbé L. Valentin) However, many historians believe his chief fame rests not on his historical work, but on his activities as a theologian and an aggressive propagator of the Augustinian doctrine of grace. It is no doubt that Prosper holds a place in the ranks of the moulders of theological understanding of the doctrine of grace.''Fathers of the Church'', 336 Most of his works were aimed at defending and distributing Augustine's teachings, especially those pertaining to grace and free will. Following Augustine's death in 430, Prosper continued to disseminate his teachings and spent his life working to make them acceptable. Prosper was the first chronicler to add to Jerome's account, beginning his continuation half a century later. Prosper's epigrams became most popular in his later years, providing a method for students of Christianity to learn moral lessons and aspects of the Augustinian doctrine. Prosper also played a vital role in the Pelagian controversy in southern

in the 420's. With the help of Augustine and Pope Celestine, Prosper was able to put down revolutions of the Pelagian Christians. Prosper's works were very popular during the Middle Ages: the ''Epigrams'' alone sum no fewer than one hundred and eighty manuscripts.

Editions

Prosper's ''Epitoma Chronicon'' was edited by

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; ; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th ce ...

in the ''Chronica minora'' of the '' Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (1892) and by Maria Becker and Jan–Markus Kötter as part of the '' Kleine und fragmentarische Historiker der Spätantike'' ''(KFHist G 5)'' (2016). Prosper's complete works are in Migne's '' Patrologia Latina''. vol. 51. The English translations include: *St. Prosper of Aquitaine. ''The Call of All Nations'', translated and annotated by P. De Letter, SJ, 1952 ( Ancient Christian Writers, 14). * Prosper of Aquitaine. ''Defense of St. Augustine'', translated and annotated by P. De Letter, SJ, 1963 (Ancient Christian Writers, 32). Prosper's ''Epitoma Chronicon'' is available in English translation in ''From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader'' ed. & trans. A. C Murray (Ontario, 2003) pp. 62–76. Prosper's ''Epigrams'' were edited by Albertus G. A. Horsting in ''Prosper Aquitanus. Liber epigrammatum'', Berlin-New York 2016 (''Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum'' 100).

Notes

References

*Arturo Elberti, ''Prospero d'Aquitania: Teologo e Discepolo'' (Rome, 1999). *Mark Humphries. " Chronicle and Chronology: Prosper of Aquitaine, his methods and the development of early medieval chronography." ''Early Medieval Europe'' 5 (1996) 155–175. *Steven Muhlberger, ''The Fifth Century Chroniclers'' (Great Britain: Redwood Press, 1990) pp. 48–60. *Alexander Hwang. ''Intrepid Lover of Perfect Grace: The Life and Thought of Prosper of Aquitaine''. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2009. *Caroline White, ''Early Christian Latin Poets'' (New York, 2000) pp. 113–118. *''The Fathers of the Church'' (New York: The Catholic University of America, 1949) pp. 335–343. * * This work offers a complete list of previous writings on Prosper and is still the main reference.

External links

Tiro Prosper of Aquitaine
article from ''

The Catholic Encyclopedia ''The'' ''Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'', also referred to as the ''Old Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the ''Original Catholic Encyclopedi ...

'' (Newadvent Website)
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes''Carmen de ingratis et epigrammata selecta'' full text on Google Books
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prosper Of Aquitaine 450s deaths People from Aquitaine French Roman Catholic saints Italian Roman Catholic saints 5th-century writers in Latin 5th-century Christian saints Year of birth uncertain 5th-century historians