proper adjective

In English orthography, the term proper adjective is used to mean adjectives that take initial capital letters, and common adjective to mean those that do not. For example, a person from India is Indian—''Indian'' is a proper adjective.

Etymology

The term ''proper noun'' denotes a noun that, grammatically speaking, identifies a specific unique entity; for example, ''England'' is a proper noun, because it is a name for a specific country, whereas ''dog'' is not a proper noun; it is, rather, a ''common noun'' because it refers to any one member of a group of dog animals.

In English orthography, most proper nouns are capitalized and most common nouns are not. As a result, the term ''proper noun'' has come to mean, in lay usage, a noun that is capitalized, and ''common noun'' to mean a noun that is not capitalized. Furthermore, English adjectives that derive from proper nouns are usually capitalized. This has led to the use of the terms ''proper adjective'' and ''common adjective'', with meanings analogous to the lay meanings of ''proper noun'' and ''common noun''. Proper adjectives are just capitalized adjectives.

Description

Most capitalized adjectives derive from proper nouns; for example, the proper adjective ''American'' derives from the proper noun ''America''.

Sometimes, an adjective is capitalized because it designates an ethnic group with a shared culture, heritage, or ancestry. This usage asserts the existence of a unified group with common goals. For example, in Canadian government documents, ''Native'' and ''Aboriginal'' are capitalized.

An adjective can lose its capitalization when it takes on new meanings, such as ''chauvinistic''. In addition, over time, an adjective can lose its capitalization by convention, generally when the word has overshadowed its original reference, such as ''gargantuan'', ''quixotic'', ''titanic'', or ''roman'' in the term ''roman numerals''.

Proper adverbs

An adverb formed from a capitalized adjective is itself capitalized. For example:

*We have regularly received enquiries regarding the availability of Islamic finance products, in particular Islamically compatible finance to purchase both residential and commercial properties.
*There are people who express themselves 'Germanly', while others have forms of life that are expressed 'Frenchly', 'Koreanly' or 'Icelandicly'.

Other languages

In other languages which use writing systems with lowercases and uppercases, adjectives derived from proper nouns are commonly not capitalized.

Czech

Czech language uses adjectives (and adverbs) derived from proper nouns uncapitalized, e.g. český jazyk (Czech language), londýnské metro (London Underground), pražské mosty (Prague bridges), romské písně (Romani songs), hrabalovská poezie (Hrabal-style poetry) etc., if the adjective isn't the first word of a compound proper name or of the sentence.

However, possessive adjectives are capitalized as if it were some case of a noun. E.g. Petrův dům (Peter's house), Moničina tužka (Monika's pencil) etc.

A special case is the adjective Boží (God's) that is usually written with a capital letter as a possessive in a religious context, but with a small letter in the meaning "divine", also "božský".

However, less educated users of Czech are often influenced by English and transfer English capitalization rules to Czech, and it is considered an error against standard Czech.

French

French proper adjectives, like many other French adjectives, can equally well function as nouns; however, proper adjectives are not capitalized. A word denoting a nationality will be capitalized if used as a noun to mean a person (''un Français'' "a Frenchman"), but not if used as an adjective (''un médecin français'' "a French doctor") or as a noun to mean a language (''le français'' "the French language"). Accordingly, in some contexts the use or absence of capitalization will alter the meaning (or connotation) of the text: compare ''un jeune Canadien'' ("a young Canadian") with ''un jeune canadien'' ("a Canadian youth"). However, words for religions are usually not capitalized: ''un chrétien'' ("a Christian").

Toki Pona

In the minimalistic constructed language Toki Pona, there are no proper nouns, only proper adjectives and adverbs. A proper adjective/adverb (often called "modifiers") must modify a noun or verb (the "head"). For example, the creator of the language, Sonja Lang, uses the name ''jan Sonja''. ''jan'' is a noun meaning "person", and it is modified by her first name. This can be extended to other proper nouns, such as ''ma Kanata'' "Canada", in which ''ma'' means ''place''.

See also

*Capitalization
*Demonym
*Letter case
* List of adjectival forms of place names
* List of case-sensitive English words
* List of eponymous adjectives in English

References

External links

The HTML Writers Guild: Trademarks and Copyrights FAQGeneral Microsoft Trademark Guidelines
(blog entry)
Google Answers
on the choice between -an, -ian, -ean, and related suffixes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proper Adjective
Adjectives by type
English orthography