''Pro-choice'' and ''pro-life'' are terms of self-identification used by the two sides of the

abortion debate The abortion debate is a longstanding and contentious discourse that touches on the moral, legal, medical, and religious aspects of induced abortion. In English-speaking countries, the debate has two major sides, commonly referred to as the "pro- ...

: those who support access to abortion, and those who seek to restrict it, respectively. They are generally considered

loaded language Loaded language is rhetoric used to influence an audience by using words and phrases with strong connotations. This type of language is very often made vague to more effectively invoke an emotional response and/or exploit stereotypes. Loaded w ...

, since they frame the corresponding position in terms of inherently positive qualities (and thus position their opponents as "anti-choice" or "anti-life"). For this reason, more neutral or descriptive alternatives are sometimes preferred, for example by describing groups or individuals as supporters or opponents of abortion or abortion rights. The term ''

pro-life Anti-abortion movements, also self-styled as pro-life movements, are involved in the abortion debate advocating against the practice of abortion and its legality. Many anti-abortion movements began as countermovements in response to the lega ...

'' began to be used by opponents of legal abortion around the early 1970s, born from the related term "

right to life The right to life is the belief that a human (or other animal) has the right to live and, in particular, should not be killed by another entity. The concept of a right to life arises in debates on issues including: capital punishment, with some ...

". The term ''

pro-choice Abortion-rights movements, also self-styled as pro-choice movements, are movements that advocate for legal access to induced abortion services, including elective abortion. They seek to represent and support women who wish to terminate their ...

'' (or "right to choose") was coined in response by abortion rights advocates shortly after.

Origins

''Pro-life''

The earliest use of the term ''pro-life'' cited by the ''

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...

'' is in the 1960 book '' Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing'' by educator A. S. Neill, though Neill uses it in a more general sense not specific to abortion: The earliest citation for an abortion-specific sense of the term is a 1971 reference in the ''

Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...

'' to "pro-life, anti-abortion educational programs". The adjective ''pro-life'' seems to derive from earlier constructions involving the word ''life'' used by opponents of legal abortion, particularly the phrase "

". For example, anti-abortion organizations founded in the late 1960s included the Right to Life League and Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. However, in early usage, prior to the 1973 Supreme Court case ''

Roe v. Wade ''Roe v. Wade'', 410 U.S. 113 (1973),. was a List of landmark court decisions in the United States, landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protected the right to have an ...

'', the "pro-life" or "right to life" position more commonly encompassed progressive views such as opposition to war and the death penalty in addition to opposition to abortion. New York Times language columnist

William Safire William Lewis Safire (; Safir; December 17, 1929 – September 27, 2009Safire, William (1986). ''Take My Word for It: More on Language.'' Times Books. . p. 185.) was an American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter. He ...

credits Nellie Gray with popularizing ''pro-life'' as a shortened form of the "right to life" slogan. Gray founded the annual March for Life in Washington in 1974.

''Pro-choice''

The term ''pro-choice'' entered currency after ''pro-life'' and was coined by those who supported legal abortion as a response to the success of the ''pro-life'' branding. The first use of the term cited by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' is in a 1969 issue of the California daily newspaper the ''

Oxnard Press-Courier ''The Oxnard Press-Courier'' was a newspaper located in Oxnard, California, United States. It ceased publication in June 1994 after 95 years.

'', which referred to "Pro-choice and anti-abortion activists... headed to the Women's Clinic." Authors

Linda Greenhouse Linda Joyce Greenhouse (born January 9, 1947) is an American legal journalist who is the Knight Distinguished Journalist in Residence and Joseph M. Goldstein Lecturer in Law at Yale Law School. She is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter who has cove ...

and Reva B. Siegel identify a 1972 memo by Jimmye Kimmey, executive director of the Association for the Study of Abortion, as the genesis of the subsequent widespread adoption of the ''pro-choice'' label. In the memo, Kimmey identifies "the need to find a phrase to counter the Right to Life slogan", and suggests "Freedom of Conscience" and "Right to Choose" as possibilities, with a preference for the latter because of its brevity and focus on action rather than the "internal matter" of conscience. William Safire suggests the slogan may have drawn influence from the use of "

Freedom of Choice Freedom of choice describes an individual's opportunity and autonomy to perform an action selected from at least two available options, unconstrained by external parties. In politics In the abortion debate, for example, the term "freedom of c ...

" as an anti-

integration Integration may refer to: Biology *Multisensory integration *Path integration * Pre-integration complex, viral genetic material used to insert a viral genome into a host genome *DNA integration, by means of site-specific recombinase technology, ...

slogan in the previous decade. In the years before ''pro-choice'' became widely adopted, the qualifier ''pro-abortion'' was commonly used by those advocating for legal abortion. For example, a representative of

Planned Parenthood The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is an American nonprofit organization

referred to "pro-abortion" legislation in a 1975 statement to ''The Wall Street Journal''. When abortion was legalized in the United States, the term fell out of fashion, seen as distracting or inaccurate because many people support legal access to abortion without arguing that it is the right choice.

Criticism and analysis

Those who identify as pro-choice generally reject the framing of the term ''pro-life'' and vice-versa. The terms are commonly interpreted as derogating the other side of the debate by implying that they are either "anti-choice" or "anti-life" (or "pro-death"). The decision to brand the movements in positive rather than negative terms has been compared to the earlier use of the phrase "right-to-work" instead of "anti-union".

Planned Parenthood The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is an American nonprofit organization

announced in 2013 that it would no longer use the label ''pro-choice''. The organization suggested that the word ''choice'' might have an undesirably "frivolous" connotation, and that polling suggested that the binary labels ''pro-choice'' and ''pro-life'' failed to capture the nuanced views of Americans toward abortion. For example, one poll sponsored by the organization showed that 35% of voters who identified as pro-life did not believe ''Roe v. Wade'' should be overturned. Another survey found that 12% of respondents identified with both the labels ''pro-choice'' and ''pro-life'' simultaneously. Planned Parenthood deliberately declined to propose a replacement term.

Expanded definitions

On one

Mothers' Day Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in Marc ...

, US pastor-turned-senator Raphael Gamaliel Warnock argued that being 'anti-abortion' and being 'pro-life' are not synonymous. An article in the ''

National Catholic Reporter The ''National Catholic Reporter'' (''NCR'') is a national newspaper in the United States that reports on issues related to the Catholic Church. Based in Kansas City, Missouri, ''NCR'' was founded by Robert Hoyt in 1964. Hoyt wanted to bring t ...

'' has asserted that climate change is the "No. 1 pro-life issue" facing the Catholic Church today.

Media usage

Many press style guides, including those used by

NPR National Public Radio (NPR) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It serves as a national Radio syndication, syndicator to a network of more ...

and the

Associated Press The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit organization, not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association, and produces news reports that are dist ...

, advise against using the terms ''pro-choice'' and ''pro-life'', except in cases where those terms occur in the name of an organization or in a quote. NPR's policy recommends alternative constructions such as "abortion rights supporters" and "abortion rights opponents". It permits the qualifier "anti-abortion", but not "pro-abortion rights". The style guide of ''

The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...

'' recommends the terms "anti-abortion" (rather than "pro-life") and "pro-choice" (rather than "pro-abortion").

References

{{reflist, refs= {{cite web, url=https://qz.com/896566/where-does-the-term-pro-life-come-from/, work=Quartz, title=A brief history of a marketing masterpiece: branding the anti-abortion movement "pro-life", last=Merelli, first=Annalisa, date=28 January 2017 {{cite OED, pro-life, access-date=16 March 2022 {{cite OED, pro-choice, access-date=16 March 2022 {{cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/us/fetal-heartbeat-forced-pregnancy.html, title='Fetal Heartbeat' vs. 'Forced Pregnancy': The Language Wars of the Abortion Debate, last=Harmon, first=Amy, date=22 May 2019, work=New York Times {{cite web, url=https://www.npr.org/sections/publiceditor/2010/03/24/114585422/npr-changes-abortion-language , last=Shepard, first=Alicia C., date=24 March 2010, title=NPR Changes Abortion Language , department=NPR Public Editor , publisher=NPR {{cite book, title=Before Roe V. Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court's Ruling, url=https://documents.law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/beforeroe2nded_1.pdf, last1=Greenhouse, first1=Linda, last2=Siegel, first2=Reva, publisher=Yale Law School, date=2012, edition=2nd, isbn=9780615648217 {{cite journal, url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/01/the-end-of-pro-choice-will-no-labels-really-help-the-abortion-debate/267393/, journal=The Atlantic, last=Rothman, first=Lily, date=23 January 2013, title=The End of Pro-Choice: Will 'No Labels' Really Help the Abortion Debate? {{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/07/abortion-the-guardian-style-guide, title=Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses to describe abortion bans, last=Glenza, first=Jessica, website=

TheGuardian.com ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...

, date=7 June 2019 {{cite web, url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/34045-pro-choice-or-pro-abortion-the-overhaul-of-reproductive-rights-terminology-matters, last=Barbato, first=Lauren, date=31 July 2014, title=Should We Say "Pro-Choice" Or "Pro-Abortion?", work=Bustle {{cite web, url=https://www.npr.org/sections/publiceditor/2019/05/29/728069483/reviewing-nprs-language-for-covering-abortion, last=Jensen, first=Elizabeth, date=29 May 2019, title=Reviewing NPR's Language For Covering Abortion , department=NPR Public Editor , publisher=NPR {{cite web, url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/annanorth/planned-parenthood-moving-away-from-choice, last=North, first=Anna, date=9 January 2013, work=BuzzFeed, title=Planned Parenthood Moving Away From "Choice" {{cite news, work=The New York Times, last=Safire, first=William, date=18 March 1979, title=ASAP's Fables, url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/18/archives/on-language-asaps-fables-superflack-all-pro-white-houseese.html Abortion debate English phrases