:''This article deals with cooperation between the European Union and non-member states. For the use of the term to describe Franco-German cooperation at and since the Treaty of Maastricht, see France–Germany relations'' Privileged partnership is a generic term for cooperation between the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been ...

and a non-EU country to advance common goalsWilhelm Knelangen, "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?", se
here
/ref> without using EU membership.Claus Leggewie "Privileged partnership, less democracy?", www.eurozine.com 2008-07-08, se
here
"BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS", James Wesley Scott, University of Joensuu, TRAMES, 2009, 13(63/58), 3, 232–247, se
here
/ref>"THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT TOWARDS WIDER EUROPE", by Sevilay KAHRAMAN, se
here
/ref>

History

The term is usually used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by

Heinrich August Winkler Heinrich August Winkler (born 19 December 1938 in Königsberg) is a German historian. With his mother he joined the westward flight in 1944, after which he grew up in southern Germany, attending a Gymnasium in Ulm. He then studied history, pol ...

Die Zeit ''Die Zeit'' (, "The Time") is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles. History Th ...

Wir erweitern uns zu Tode

Nr. 46, 7. November 2002 and later formally proposed in 2004,"WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, se
here
"Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, se

/ref> although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia"French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership", 31.05.2003, Pravda.ru, se
here
/ref> and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel."Spanish foreign minister backs virtual membership for Israel", 03.12.04 @ 09:55 EUObserver, se
here
/ref> Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro and Kosovo,"Merkel moots privileged partnership for Balkans" 17.03.06 @ 13:49 EUObserver, se
here
/ref> has since been used retrospectively to characterise relationships with the countries"COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final se
here
/ref>"The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian approach" Iulian Chifu, Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Centre, Bucharest se
here
Foreign Ministry, Foreign Policy, Europe, Neighbourhood Policy, from the Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs, se

/ref> considered in 2004 for the

European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the European Union (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. These countries, primarily developing ...

that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,"COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: Wider Europe — Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours" Brussels, 11.3.2003 COM(2003) 104 final, se
here
/ref> and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia"EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, se

/ref>"Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, se
here
"Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 se

and with Russia."The Economic Rationale of the European Neighborhood Policy", Susanne Milcher, Ben Slay, Mark Collins, United Nations’ Development Programme 2006, se
here
/ref> Ultimately the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterise Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community."Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), se
here

By country

Albania

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.

Algeria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Algeria.

Armenia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Armenia.

Azerbaijan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Azerbaijan.

Belarus

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Belarus.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Croatia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.

Egypt

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Egypt.

North Macedonia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.

Georgia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Georgia.

Israel

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister

Miguel Ángel Moratinos Miguel Ángel Moratinos Cuyaubé (born 8 June 1951) is a Spanish diplomat and politician, a member of the Socialist Workers' Party and was a member of Congress from 2004 to 2011, where he represented Córdoba. Since 7 January 2019 he is the UN H ...

, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel. It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Israel.

Jordan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Jordan.

Kosovo

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.

Lebanon

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Lebanon.

Libya

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Libya.

Moldova

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Moldova.

Morocco

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including Morocco.

Palestine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the

, including the Palestinian Authority.

Russia

French President

Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac (, , ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. Chirac was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986