''Primula'' () is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Primulaceae The Primulaceae , commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the evening primrose family), are a family of herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants and wildflowers. Most are perennial though som ...

. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar

wildflower A wildflower (or wild flower) is a flower that grows in the wild, meaning it was not intentionally seeded or planted. The term implies that the plant probably is neither a hybrid nor a selected cultivar that is in any way different from the ...

of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cowslip), and '' P. elatior'' (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...

s. They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). ''Primula'' are

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and enterta ...

to the

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the Er ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

, and

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

, and in temperate southern

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ...

. Almost half of the known species are from the

Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over ...

. ''Primula'' has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle * Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) *Circumscription theory The circumscription theory is a theory of the role of warfare in state formation in political anthropology, created ...

.''Primula''.
Flora of North America.

Description

''Primula'' is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant. Many species are adapted to

alpine climate Alpine climate is the typical weather ( climate) for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate. Definition There are multiple definitions ...

Taxonomy

''Primula'' was known at least as early as the mediaeval

herbalists Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedies ...

, although first formally described as a

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...

in 1753, and later in 1754 in his ''Flora Anglica''. Linnaeus described seven species of ''Primula''. One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English natural history#Before 1900, naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all speci ...

study of

heterostyly Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. ...

in 1877 (''

The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species ''The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species'' is a book by Charles Darwin first published in 1877. It is the fifth of his six books devoted solely to the study of plants (excluding ''The Variation of Animals and Plants Under D ...

''). Since then, heterostyly (and homostyly) have remained important considerations in the

taxonomic classification In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

of Primula. Primula is a member of the Primulaceae

. The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

arranged into 22 genera, was by

Pax Pax or PAX may refer to: Peace * Peace (Latin: ''pax'') ** Pax (goddess), the Roman goddess of peace ** Pax, a truce term * Pax (liturgy), a salutation in Catholic and Lutheran religious services * Pax (liturgical object), an object formerly kis ...

and Knuth in 1905.

Phylogeny

''Primula'' is the largest genus in the family

, within which it is placed in the subfamily

Primuloideae Primuloideae is a subfamily of the family Primulaceae in the order Ericales. Formerly it represented the Primulaceae family (Primulaceae '' s.s.''), before the latter was enlarged (Primulaceae '' s.l.'') by addition of three other closely related ...

, being the nominative genus. The position of ''Primula'' within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...

: :

Classification

The genus ''Dodecatheon'' originated from within ''Primula'', its species are now included in ''Primula''. UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Sections of genus ''Primula''

The classification of the genus ''Primula'' has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections. Some of these sections (e.g. ''Vernales'', ''Auricula'') contain many species; others contain only one. *''Amethystina'' *''Auricula'' *''Bullatae'' *''Candelabra'' *''Capitatae'' *''Carolinella'' *''Cortusoides'' *''Cuneifolia'' *''Denticulata'' *''Dryadifolia'' *''Farinosae'' *''Floribundae'' *''Grandis'' *''Malacoidea'' *''Malvacea'' *''Minutissimae'' *''Muscaroides'' *''Nivales'' *''Obconica'' *''Parryi'' *''Petiolares'' *''Pinnatae'' *''Pycnoloba'' *''Reinii'' *''Rotundifolia'' *''Sikkimensis'' *''Sinenses'' *''Soldanelloideae'' *''Souliei'' *''Vernales''

Selected species

Species include:''Primula'': List of Records.
Flora of China.''Primula'': List of Records.
Flora of North America.GRIN Species Records of ''Primula''.
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). *''

Primula alcalina ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (bluedome primrose) *'' Primula algida'' *''

Primula aliciae ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula allionii ''Primula allionii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to southern France and northern Italy where it is found on cliffs at an altitude of . It is a small, spreading, evergreen perennial growing to tall by wide, ...

'' (Allioni's primrose) *''

Primula alpicola ''Primula alpicola'', the moonlight primrose, is a species of ''Primula'' native to Bhutan and southeastern Tibet, where it grows in vast numbers along the Tsangpo valley alongside '' Primula florindae''. Their habitats hardly ever overlap; ''P. ...

'' (moonlight primrose) *''

Primula amethystina ''Primula amethystina'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to China. The plant is commonly found in west and northwest Yunnan and southwest Sichuan, and across the border in Tibet. It typically grows best in wet, b ...

'' *''

Primula angustifolia ''Primula angustifolia'', also known as alpine primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains of the United States. It is commonly found in Colorado and New Mexico ) , population_demonym ...

'' (alpine primrose) *''

Primula anisodora ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (anise primrose) *''

Primula anvilensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (boreal primrose) *''

Primula appenina ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula arunachalensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

''Basak, S. K. and G. G. Maiti. 2000. ''Primula arunachalensis'' sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya. ''Acta Phytotax. Geobot.'' 51(1) 11-15. *''

Primula atrodentata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula aurantiaca ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (''primevère à fleurs oranges'') *''

Primula aureata ''Primula aureata'' is a species of flowering plant from the family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula aureata'' is a perennial plant growing up to 5cm tall. The leaves are broad with rounded tips, they form a rosette around the base of the p ...

'' *''

Primula auricula ''Primula auricula'', often known as auricula, mountain cowslip or bear's ear (from the shape of its leaves), is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, that grows on basic rocks in the mountain ranges of central Europe, including ...

'' (auricula, bear's ear) *''

Primula auriculata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula bathangensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula beesiana ''Primula bulleyana'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to hillsides in China. Description ''Primula bulleyana'' is one of a group known as candelabra primulas, so called because of the tiered arrangement of ...

'' (candelabra primrose) *''

Primula bella ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula bellidifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula bergenioides ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

''Ming, H. C. and G. Y. Ying. (2003)
Two new species of ''Primula'' (Primulaceae) from China.
''Novon'' 13 196-199. *''

Primula bhutanica ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula blattariformis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula boothii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula borealis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' (northern primrose) *''

Primula bracteosa ''Primula bracteosa'', the orange throated primrose, is a perennial species of primrose which is found on rocky crevices and of ravines at the altitudes of in southern Xizhang, Bhutan, northeast India, Sikkim and Nepal. History The first spec ...

'' *''

Primula bulleyana ''Primula bulleyana'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to hillsides in China. Description ''Primula bulleyana'' is one of a group known as candelabra primulas, so called because of the tiered arrangement of thei ...

'' (candelabra primrose) Primula capitata ssp mooreana 5

*''

Primula calderiana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula calliantha ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula calyptrata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

''Xun, G. and F. Rhui-cheng. (2003)
''Primula calyptrata'', a new species in section ''Carolinella'' (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China.
''Novon'' 13 193-95. *''

Primula capillaris ''Primula capillaris'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the Primulaceae, primrose family known by the common name Ruby Mountains primrose, or Ruby Mountain primrose. It is Endemism, endemic to Nevada in the United States, where it is limit ...

'' (Ruby Mountain primrose) *''

Primula capitata ''Primula capitata'', commonly known as the round-headed Himalayan primrose or Asiatic primrose is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. It is a short-lived perennial, forming semi-evergreen rosettes of 15cm (6inch) pale green, ...

'' **''Primula capitata'' ssp. ''mooreana'' **''Primula capitata'' ssp. ''crispata'' *''

Primula capitellata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula carniolica ''Primula carniolica'' is a flowering plant in the primrose family known by the common name Carniolan primrose. It is endemic to Slovenia. Description It grows to a height of and is typically broad. The stem, base and leaves are clear green, ...

'' (Carniolan primrose) *''

Primula caveana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula cawdoriana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula cernua ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula chionantha ''Primula chionantha'', the snow-white primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan in China. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit The Award of Gard ...

'' *''

Primula chumbiensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula chungensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula chasmophila ''Primula chasmophila'' is a species of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('conta ...

'' *''

Primula clarkei ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula clusiana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula clutterbuckii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula cockburniana ''Primula cockburniana'', called the Cockburnia primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Primula'', native to south-central China. A short-lived perennial, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit ...

'' *''

Primula concholoba ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula concinna ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula conspersa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula cortusoides ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula cuneifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (wedgeleaf primrose, pixie-eye primrose) *''

Primula cusickiana ''Primula cusickiana'' is a species of flowering plant in the primrose family known by the common name Cusick's primrose. It is native to the western United States in and around the Great Basin. Its distribution extends into Oregon, Idaho, Nevad ...

'' (Cusick's primrose) *''

Primula daonensis ''Primula daonensis'' is a species of '' Primula'' within the family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula daonensis'' can grow up to 9 cm tall when in flower. Flowers possess notched petal lobes, which are reddish pink or lilac in colour a ...

'' *''

Primula darialica ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula davidii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula deflexa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula denticulata ''Primula denticulata'', the drumstick primula, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to moist alpine regions of China (S Xizang), Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, N Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. It is an herbaceou ...

'' (drumstick primrose, Himalayan primrose) *''

Primula deorum ''Primula deorum'', also known as Rila primrose, Rila cowslip or God's cowslip, is a flowering dicot plant of the genus '' Primula'' in the family Primulaceae. This alpine plant is endemic to roughly 63 km2 above the tree-line (especiall ...

'' (Rila primrose, Rila cowslip, God's cowslip) *''

Primula deuteronana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula dryadifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula edgeworthii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula egaliksensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (Greenland primrose) *''

Primula elatior ''Primula elatior'', the oxlip (or true oxlip), is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to nutrient-poor and calcium-rich damp woods and meadows throughout Europe, with northern borders in Denmark and southern parts o ...

'' (oxlip, true oxlip, oxslip) *''

Primula elizabethiae ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula elongata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula erythrocarpa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula farinosa ''Primula farinosa'', the bird's-eye primrose, is a small perennial plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Northern Europe and northern Asia, and (rarely) farther south at high altitudes in the mountains of southern Europe. This primrose t ...

'' (birdseye primrose) *''

Primula farreriana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula fedschenkoi ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula fenghwaiana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

''Hu, C. M. and G. Hao. (2011)
New and noteworthy species of ''Primula'' (Primulaceae) from China.
''Edinburgh Journal of Botany'' 68(2) 297. *''

Primula filchnerae ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

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Primula filipes ''Primula filipes'' is a species of flowering plant within the genus ''Primula'' and family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula filipes'' is an annual species. Plants possess a basal rosette of leaves, which range in length from 2 – 5cm long. ...

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Primula firmipes ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

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Primula fistulosa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula flaccida ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula floribunda ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula florindae ''Primula florindae'', the Tibetan cowslip or giant cowslip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to southeastern Tibet, where it grows in huge numbers close to rivers such as the Tsangpo. It is a substantial herbace ...

'' (Himalayan cowslip, Tibetan cowslip) *''

Primula forrestii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula frondosa ''Primula frondosa'', the leafy primrose ( bg, Старопланинска иглика), is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the Balkans. It inhabits shady spots in a small region of the central Balkan Mountains ...

*''

Primula gambeliana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula gemmifera ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula geraniifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula giraldiana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula glabra ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula glaucescens ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula glomerata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula glutinosa ''Primula glutinosa'', also known as the sticky primrose, is a species of flowering plant within the family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula glutinosa'' is a deciduous, herbaceous perennial. Growing around 10 cm tall. Plants flower in early ...

'' *''

Primula gracilenta ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula gracillipes ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula griffithii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula halleri ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (long-flowered primrose, Haller's primrose) *''

Primula helodoxa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *'' Primula hendersonii'' (broad-leaved shootingstar, Henderson's shootingstar, mosquito-bill, sailor caps) *''

Primula heucherifolia ''Primula heucherifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula heucherifolia'' is a stoloniferous species with creeping rhizomes. Stems sprout from the base of the plant and are 1530 cm in heig ...

'' *''

Primula hirsuta ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (stinking primrose) *''

Primula hookeri ''Primula hookeri'' (commonly known as Hooker's primrose) is a perennial species of primrose which is found at the altitudes of in Eastern Himalayas as well as in Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Northeast India and southeastern Tibet and northwestern Y ...

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Primula incana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (silvery primrose, mealy primrose) *''

Primula interjacens ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula involucrata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula ioessa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula irregularis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula japonica ''Primula japonica'', the Japanese primrose, Japanese cowslip, Queen of primroses, or valley red, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Japan. The common name Japanese primrose also applies to the related species '' ...

'' (Japanese primrose, Japanese cowslip) *''

Primula jesoana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula jigmediana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula juliae ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' (Julia's primrose, purple primrose) *''

Primula kingii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula kisoana ''Primula kisoana'', the hardy primrose or Mount Kiso primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Honshu and Shikoku islands of Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an isla ...

'' *''

Primula kitaibeliana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' (Kitaibel's primrose) *''

Primula klattii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula laurentiana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (birdseye primrose) *'' Primula lihengiana''Li, R. and C. M. Hu. (2009)
''Primula lihengiana'' (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China.
''Annales Botanici Fennici'' 46(2) 130-32 Primula marginata 07

*''

Primula listeri ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula longiscapa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula lutea ''Primula lutea'' is a species of primrose that grows on basic rocks in the mountain ranges of southeastern Europe, including the southern and eastern Alps, southern Carpathians, Apennines, and the Balkans. The leaves are obovate and stalkless, ...

'' *''

Primula luteola ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula macrophylla ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (largeleaf primrose) *''

Primula magellanica ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula malacoides ''Primula malacoides'', called the fairy primrose or baby primrose, is a perennial species of ''Primula'' native to the Himalayas, Assam in India, Myanmar, and south-central and south east China. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Aw ...

'' (fairy primrose, baby primrose) *''

Primula malvacea ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula marginata ''Primula marginata'', the silver-edged primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the south western Alps of France and Italy. Description ''Primula marginata'' is an evergreen or semi-evergreen herbaceous pe ...

'' (marginate primrose) *''

Primula megaseifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *'' Primula melanantha'' *''

Primula melanops ''Primula chionantha'', the snow-white primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan in China. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit The Award of Gard ...

'' *''

Primula minima ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (dwarf primrose) *''

Primula minor ''Primula minor'' is a species of flowering plant within the family Primulaceae. It was first described by Isaac Bayley Balfour and Frank Kingdon-Ward in 1915. It is a close relative of the species '' Primula graminifolia''. Description ''Pri ...

'' *''

Primula mistassinica ''Primula mistassinica'', also known as Mistassini primrose, Lake Mistassini primrose or bird's-eye primrose, is a flowering herb of the genus ''Primula''. The specific name refers to Lake Mistassini in Quebec, Canada. It is native to the northea ...

'' (Mistassini primrose) *''

Primula modesta ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula mollis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula moupinensis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

*''

Primula munroi ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula muscarioides ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula nipponica ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula nivalis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' (snowy primrose) *''

Primula obconica ''Primula obconica'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to China. It is a short-lived evergreen perennial growing to tall by broad, with rosettes of coarse, heart-shaped leaves, and thick stalks bearing umbels of ...

'' (poison primrose, German primrose) *''

Primula orbicularis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

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Primula palinuri ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula parryi ''Primula parryi'', or Parry's primrose, is a herbaceous perennial native to wet areas from the subalpine zone to alpine tundra in the Rocky Mountains from Montana to Arizona and New Mexico. Flowers are magenta with yellow eyes. In the high mou ...

'' (Parry's primrose) *''

Primula pedemontana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula petelotii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula petiolaris ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *'' Primula pinnatifida'' *''

Primula poissonii ''Primula poissonii'' (海仙花 ''hai xian hua''), Poisson's primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the primrose family Primulaceae, native to wet areas at altitudes of in western Sichuan and central and northern Yunnan, China. Descripti ...

'' *''

Primula polyneura ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula prenantha ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula prolifera ''Primula prolifera'', the candelabra primrose or glory of the bog, is a flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Its botanical name is currently unresolved. In cultivation it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. ...

'' (glory-of-the-marsh) *''

Primula pulchella ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula pulverulenta ''Primula pulverulenta'', the mealy primrose or mealy cowslip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to damp habitats in China. It is a herbaceous perennial growing to tall by broad, with strong stems of deep pink fl ...

'' (mealy cowslip) *''

Primula pumila ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (arctic primrose) *''

Primula reidii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula reinii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula renifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula reptans ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula reticulata ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

'' *''

Primula rockii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula rosea ''Primula rosea'', the rosy primrose, is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Primula'', native to the Himalayas. Growing to tall, it is a hardy herbaceous perennial with red-tinged leaves and clumps of rich pink flowers in spring. In cult ...

'' (Himalayan meadow primrose) *''

Primula rotundifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula rusbyi ''Primula rusbyi'' is a species of '' Primula''. A common name is Rusby's primrose. This species was first collected by Henry Hurd Rusby in the Mogollon Mountains in the New Mexico Territory of the time (now the state New Mexico), Edward Le ...

'' (Rusby's primrose) *''

Primula sapphirina ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula saxatilis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' (rock primrose) *''

Primula scandinavica ''Primula scandinavica'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula scandinavica'' is a perennial plant, which possesses a basal rosette of leaves. The leaves are around 2–4 cm long, narrow at the ...

'' (Scandinavian primrose) *''

Primula scapigera ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula scotica ''Primula scotica'', commonly known as Scottish primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family, Primulaceae, the primroses and their relatives. It was discovered by James Smith, and is endemic to the north coast of Scotland. Descripti ...

'' (Scottish primrose) *''

Primula secundiflora ''Primula secundiflora'' (偏花报春 pian hua bao chun), the second-flowered primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to western China (E Qinghai, W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan)., where it inhabits wet places a ...

'' *''

Primula septemloba ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula serratifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula sheriffii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''

Primula sieboldii ''Primula sieboldii'', the Japanese primrose, is a species of primrose that is endemic to East Asia. The species goes by common names such as Siebold's primrose, cherry blossom primrose, Japanese woodland primrose Snowflake, Geisha girl, Madam b ...

'' (Japanese primrose) *''

Primula sikkimensis ''Primula sikkimensis'' (Himalayan cowslip, Sikkim cowslip, ) is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the Himalayan region at altitudes of , from western Nepal to south west China. It is an herbaceous perennial growin ...

'' (Sikkim cowslip) *''

Primula sinensis ''Primula sinensis'', () or the Chinese primrose, is a plant species in the genus '' Primula''. Primulin is an anthocyanin found in ''P. sinensis.'' References sinensis Plants described in 1821 {{Primulaceae-stub ...

'' (syn. ''P. praenitens'') *''

Primula sinolisteri ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula sinomollis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula soldanelloides ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

'' *''

Primula sonchifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula souliei ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

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Primula spectabilis ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula specuicola ''Primula specuicola'' (common names - cavedwelling primrose, cave primrose, Easter flower) is perennial plant in the primrose family ( Primulaceae) found in the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region of the southwestern United States.Canyon Co ...

'' (alcove primrose, cave-dwelling primrose) *''

Primula stricta ''Primula stricta'', also known as the strict primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Description ''Primula stricta'' is a perennial plant growing from tall. The species has basal rosette of leaves, which possess gl ...

'' (coastal primrose, strict primrose) *''

Primula strumosa ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

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Primula suffrutescens ''Primula suffrutescens'' is a species of primrose known by the common name Sierra primrose. Description With a matlike form of a thick, woody base covered in the dried remnants of previous seasons' herbage, ''Primula suffrutescens'' is a subs ...

'' (Sierra primrose) *''

Primula szechuanica ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

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Primula takedana ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula tanneri ''Primula tanneri'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Description The species' bud scales are efarinose, ovate to oblong and are long. The leaves form a rosette which have winged petiole that is long. It have even lon ...

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Primula tardiflora ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' ...

''Chi-Ming, H. (1994)
New taxa and combinations in Chinese Primulaceae.
''Novon'' 4(2) 103-105. *''

Primula tenella ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'' *''

Primula tenuiloba ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'' *''Primula tenuituba'' *''Primula tibetica'' *''Primula tschuktschorum'' (Chukchi primrose) *''Primula tyrolensis'' *''Primula vaginata'' *''Primula valentiniana'' *''Primula veris'' (cowslip) *''Primula verticillata''''Primula verticillata'' (yellow primrose).
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (yellow primrose) *''Primula vialii'' (wayside primrose, pagoda primrose, orchid primrose, poker primrose) *''Primula villosa'' *''Primula vulgaris'' (primrose) *''Primula waltonii'' *''Primula watsonii'' *''Primula warshenewskiana'' *''Primula whitei'' *''Primula wilsonii'' *''Primula wollastonii'' (Wollaston's primrose) *''Primula wulfeniana'' (Wulfen's primrose) *''Primula xanthopa'' *''Primula yunnanensis'' *''Primula yuparensis''

Etymology

The word ''primula'' is the Latin feminine diminutive of ''primus'', meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.

Ecology

Primulas are used as a food plant by the Hamearis lucina, Duke of Burgundy butterfly.

Distribution and habitat

Although there are over 400 species of ''Primula'', about 75% are found in the eastern Himalayan mountain range, Himalayan mountain chain and western China (Yunnan Province), constituting a centre of diversity. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre (Caucasus, European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees, through the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. ''Primula'' is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra). About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections). ''Primula'' is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and Nival zone, nival and meadow tundras.

Garden hybrids and cultivars

''Primula'' species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from ''P. elatior'', ''P. juliae'', ''P. veris'' and ''P. vulgaris''. Polyanthus (''Primula × polyantha'') is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annual plant, annuals or biennial plant, biennials and available as seeds or young plants. Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between ''P. auricula'' and ''P. hirsuta'' (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies support the growing and showing of these choice strains.

AGM cultivars

The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- *'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri) *Charisma series (prim) *'Clarence Elliott' (auri) *Crescendo Series (poly) **'Crescendo Blue Shades' **'Crescendo Bright Red' **'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades' *Danova Series (prim) **'Danova Rose' *'Francisca' (poly) *'Guinevere' (poly) *''Primula'' × ''loiseleurii'' 'Aire Mist' (auri) *''Primula'' × ''pubescens'' (auri) *'Tony' (auri) *'Wanda' (prim)

Hybrids

*''Primula × kewensis]''=''P. floribunda'' × ''P. verticillata'' (Kew primrose) *''Primula × polyantha''=''P. veris'' × ''P. vulgaris'' (false oxlip, polyanthus primula) *''Primula × pubescens''=''P. hirsuta'' × ''P. auricula''

References

Bibliography

*, ''see also'' Species Plantarum * * * * * *

Species

* * *, in Flora of China (series), Flora of China online vol. 15 * *

External links

Armeniapedia: Medicinal Uses of ''Primula''
{{Authority control Primula, Garden plants Primulaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus