The Priacanthidae, the bigeyes, are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of 18 species of marine

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...

es. " Catalufa" is an alternate common name for some members of the Priacanthidae. The

etymology Etymology () The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the form of words ...

of the scientific name (, to bite + , thorn) refers to the family's very rough, spined scales. The common name of "bigeye" refers to the member species' unusually large eyes, suited to their

carnivorous A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other ...

and

nocturnal Nocturnality is an ethology, animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnality, diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have ...

lifestyles. Priacanthidae are typically colored bright red, but some have patterns in silver, dusky brown, or black. Most species reach a maximum total length of about , although in a few species lengths of over are known. Most members of this family are native to

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and subtropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but four species ('' Cookeolus japonicus'', ''Heteropriacanthus cruentatus'', '' Priacanthus arenatus'', and ''Pristigenys alta'') are found in the Atlantic. They tend to live near rock outcroppings or

reef A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral or similar relatively stable material, lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic component, abiotic processes—deposition (geology), deposition of ...

s, although a few are known to inhabit open waters. Many species are found in relatively deep waters, below depths reachable by normal

scuba diving Scuba diving is a mode of underwater diving whereby divers use breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface air supply. The name "scuba", an acronym for "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus", was coined by Chri ...

. Some species are fished for food. The earliest identified Priacanthidae

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s date to the middle

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

epoch of the lower

Tertiary Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. The period began with the demise of the non- avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...

period, or roughly 40 to 50 million years ago.

Species

Priacanthus macracanthus (Red Bigeye) from the Philippines

The 18 species in four genera are: * Genus '' Cookeolus'' Fowler, 1928 **'' Cookeolus japonicus'' ( Cuvier, 1829) - Longfinned bullseye **†'' Cookeolus spinolacrymatus'' Kon & Yoshino, 1997 * Genus '' Heteropriacanthus'' Fitch &

Crooke Crooke is a surname which can refer to the following people: People * Alastair Crooke (b. 1950), British diplomat and Middle East expert * Andrew Crooke (died 1674), London publisher, sometime partner of William Cooke * Edward Crooke (1861–194 ...

, 1984 **'' Heteropriacanthus cruentatus'' ( Lacépède, 1801) - Glasseye * Genus '' Priacanthus'' Oken, 1817 **''

Priacanthus alalaua ''Priacanthus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Priacanthidae, the bigeyes. As of 2012 there are 12 species in the genus.Goren, M., et al. (2010)First record of the Indo-Pacific arrow bulleye ''Priacanthus sagittar ...

Jordan Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Ri ...

& Evermann, 1903 - Alalaua ** '' Priacanthus arenatus'' Cuvier, 1829 - Atlantic bigeye ** '' Priacanthus blochii'' Bleeker, 1853 - Paeony bulleye ** '' Priacanthus fitchi'' Starnes, 1988 ** '' Priacanthus hamrur'' ( Forsskål, 1775) - Moontail bullseye ** '' Priacanthus macracanthus'' Cuvier, 1829 - Red bigeye ** '' Priacanthus meeki'' Jenkins, 1903 - Hawaiian bigeye ** '' Priacanthus nasca'' Starnes, 1988 ** '' Priacanthus prolixus'' Starnes, 1988 - Elongate bulleye ** '' Priacanthus sagittarius'' Starnes, 1988 - Arrow bulleye ** '' Priacanthus tayenus''

Richardson Richardson may refer to: People * Richardson (surname), an English and Scottish surname * Richardson Gang, a London crime gang in the 1960s * Richardson Dilworth, Mayor of Philadelphia (1956-1962) Places Australia *Richardson, Australian Capi ...

, 1846 - Purple-spotted bigeye ** '' Priacanthus zaiserae'' Starnes & Moyer, 1988 ** † '' Priacanthus liui''

Tao ''Tao'' or ''Dao'' is the natural order of the universe, whose character one's intuition must discern to realize the potential for individual wisdom, as conceived in the context of East Asian philosophy, East Asian religions, or any other phil ...

, 1993 * Genus ''

Pristigenys ''Pristigenys'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish in the family Priacanthidae. It contains five extant species and one extinct species, ''P. substriata'', which is known from fossils found in the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy. The extant speci ...

'' Agassiz 1835 ** '' Pristigenys alta'' (Gill, 1862) - Short bigeye ** ''

Pristigenys meyeri ''Pristigenys'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish in the family Priacanthidae. It contains five extant species and one extinct species, ''P. substriata'', which is known from fossils found in the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy. The extant spec ...

'' ( Günther, 1872) ** ''

Pristigenys niphonia ''Pristigenys niphonia'', the Japanese bigeye, is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the family Priacanthidae. It occurs in the western Pacific Ocean. Distribution The Japanese bigeye is found in the western Pacific. Specifically, it is fo ...

'' (Cuvier, 1829) - Japanese bigeye ** ''

Pristigenys serrula The popeye catalufa (''Pristigenys serrula''), also known as the bigeye soldierfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the family Priacanthidae, the bigeyes. This fish has an overall dusky orange to red colour with white markings. The d ...

'' (

Gilbert Gilbert may refer to: People and fictional characters *Gilbert (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters *Gilbert (surname), including a list of people Places Australia * Gilbert River (Queensland) * Gilbert River (South A ...

, 1891) - Popeye catalufa ** ''

Pristigenys substriatus ''Pristigenys'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish in the family Priacanthidae. It contains five extant species and one extinct species, ''P. substriata'', which is known from fossils found in the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy. The extant spec ...

'' ( Blainville, 1818)

Timeline of genera

ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-66 till:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-66 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-66 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -66 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pleist. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:eratop from: -66 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

Neogene The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q. PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text:

color:oligocene bar:NAM2 from: -33.9 till: 0 text: Priacanthus PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -66 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pleist. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:era from: -66 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.

References

* *

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q578926 Taxa named by Albert Günther Ray-finned fish families