Prevalence Of Circumcision
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The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised, with the procedure most commonly being performed as a part of
preventive healthcare Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health a ...
, a religious obligation, or
cultural practice Cultural practice is the manifestation of a culture or sub-culture, especially in regard to the traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group. The term is gaining in importance due to the increased controvers ...
. Since 2010, both the
World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a list of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates responses to international public health issues and emergencies. It is headquartered in Gen ...
and
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS; , ONUSIDA) is the main advocate for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV/AIDS The HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus t ...
have been promoting a higher rate of circumcision prevalence as a prevention against HIV transmission and some STIs in areas with high HIV transmission and low circumcision rates. Around 50% of all circumcisions worldwide are performed for reasons of preventive healthcare, while the other 50% are performed for other reasons, including religious and cultural. In 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision was rising, predominantly due to HIV/AIDS programs in Africa and a higher fertility rate among countries where the procedure is commonly performed.


Overview


Present

Rates vary widely, from 99.9% in
Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...
, and similarly high rates in many Muslim-majority countries, to 91.7% in
Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...
, 80% in the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, to 75% in
South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...
, to 45% in
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...
, to 20.7% in the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
, 14% in
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, 13.5% in
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, 9% in
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
, and 1% in
Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, ...
. In Europe, most men are not circumcised, but circumcision is prevalent among Muslims who live in Europe, which includes both indigenous Muslims (in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and regions with significant Muslim population in the
Balkans The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...
) as well as Muslims in immigrant communities in
Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the Western half of the ancient Mediterranean ...
. Circumcision is rare in
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
. Philippines has a 91.7% circumcision prevalence, with such a high prevalence outside the Muslim world and Israel being found only among some countries in Africa and some
island countries An island country, island state, or island nation is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. Approximately 25% of all independent countries are island countries. Island countries are historically ...
in Oceania. It is estimated that a prevalence of circumcision of 90% or more is found in men in Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cook Islands, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, West Bank, Western Sahara, Yemen. In 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision was estimated to be around 39%, with notable increases of circumcision prevalence seen in the United States, the Middle East, and Africa; major medical organizations have promoted a higher rate of circumcision in Africa as a preventive against the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 2020, the
World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a list of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates responses to international public health issues and emergencies. It is headquartered in Gen ...
reiterated that it is an efficacious prophylactic intervention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions in areas of high HIV/AIDS prevalence. Between 2008 and 2010, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States was estimated to be around 80%. Similarly,
Wolters Kluwer Wolters Kluwer N.V. is a Dutch information services company. The company serves legal, business, tax, accounting, finance, audit, risk, compliance, and healthcare markets. Wolters Kluwer in its current form was founded in 1987 with a merger bet ...
estimated that close to 80% of United States males in 2021 were circumcised. Large portions of Africa have adopted the practice as a preventive measure against the spread of HIV. It has overwhelming prevalence in the
Muslim world The terms Islamic world and Muslim world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is ...
and in Israel due to the religious beliefs of most
Muslims Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...
and Jews; however, some non-Muslim groups living within Muslim-majority countries, such as
Armenians Armenians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.Robert Hewsen, Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiq ...
and
Assyrians Assyrians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia. Modern Assyrians share descent directly from the ancient Assyrians, one of the key civilizations of Mesopotamia. While they are distinct from ot ...
, do not practice it. It is prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries in southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Malaysia; however, the WHO states that there is "little non-religious circumcision in Asia, with the exceptions of the Republic of Korea and the Philippines". In parts of Africa it is often practiced as part of tribal customs from Christians, Muslims and Animists. In contrast, rates are much lower in most of Europe, parts of southern Africa, most of Asia, Oceania and Latin America, constituting South America, Central America, the
Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...
and Mexico. Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom are examples of countries that have seen a decline in male circumcision in recent decades, while there have been indications of increasing demand in southern Africa, partly for preventive reasons due to the HIV epidemic there.


Africa

Studies suggest that about 62% of African males are circumcised. However, the rate varies widely between different regions, and among ethnic and religious groups, with Muslim North Africans practising it for religious reasons, central Africans as part of ethnic rituals or local custom, and some traditionally non-circumcising populations in the South recently adopting the practice due to measures by the World Health Organization to prevent AIDS. Williams, B.G. et al. commented that: "Most of the currently available data on the prevalence of ale circumcisionare several decades old, while several of the recent studies were carried out as adjuncts to demographic and health surveys and were not designed to determine the prevalence of
male circumcision Circumcision is a Medical procedure, procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with forceps, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the fores ...
."


Less than 20%

Botswana, Rwanda, Eswatini, Zimbabwe.


Between 20% and 80%

Angola, Burundi,
Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to Central African Republic–Chad border, the north, Sudan to Central African Republic–Sudan border, the northeast, South Sudan to Central ...
, Chad, Congo (Rep), Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.


South Africa


Traditional practices

In Sotho and
Xhosa Xhosa may refer to: * Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa * Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people See als ...
culture, circumcision is a traditional initiation rite. It is known as ''
lebollo la banna is a Sesotho term for male initiation. ''Lebollo'' is a cultural and traditional practice that transitions boys in the Basotho society to manhood. It is a rite of passage where ''bashanyana or bashemane'' () pass puberty and enter adulthood to ...
'' in Sotho and ''
ulwaluko ''Ulwaluko'' is a traditional circumcision and initiation rite practised (though not exclusively) by the Xhosa people, and is commonly practised throughout South Africa. The ritual is traditionally intended as a teaching institution, to prepare ...
'' in
Xhosa Xhosa may refer to: * Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa * Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people See als ...
.
Zulu King The King of the Zulu Nation (IsiZulu: ''Isilo Samabandla Onke'' or ''Ingonyama yamaZulu'') or simply the Zulu King, is the paramount subnational traditional leader of the amaZulu ethnolinguistic group, the Monarch of the KwaZulu-Natal province ...
Shaka Shaka kaSenzangakhona (–24 September 1828), also known as Shaka (the) Zulu () and Sigidi kaSenzangakhona, was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828. One of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu, he ordered wide-reaching reform ...
abolished the practise among the Zulu, though in 2010
Goodwill Zwelithini Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu (27 July 1948 – 12 March 2021) was the King of the Zulu Nation from 1968 to his death in 2021. He became King on the death of his father, King Cyprian Bhekuzulu, in 1968 aged 20 years. Prince Israel Mcway ...
controversially proposed to revive it as a way of preventing
HIV/AIDS The HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a Preventive healthcare, pr ...
.


Modern practices

It is estimated that 48.7% of males are circumcised in South Africa. One national study reported that 54.2% of
Black South Africans Bantu speaking people are the majority ethno-racial group in South Africa. They are descendants of Southern Bantu-speaking peoples who settled in South Africa during the Bantu expansion. They are referred to in various census as ''blacks'', or ...
were circumcised, with 32.1% of those traditionally circumcised and 13.4% circumcised for medical reasons. Circumcision is now uncommon in South Africa except for cultural or religious reasons, and it is not performed in most public or children's hospitals for non-medical reasons. Less than 25% of non-Black South Africans are circumcised.


Statistics


More than 80%

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo (Dem Rep),
Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest city and ...
, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo.


Americas


Less than 20%

Less than 20% of the population are circumcised in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.


The Bahamas

The reported circumcision rate for younger individuals (age 15–18) is 16.7% (2019).


Argentina

The circumcision rate among homosexual men in Buenos Aires is reported to be 13% (2013).


Brazil

The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9%. The reported rate is 13% in Rio de Janeiro, indicating possible differences between urban and rural rates.


Colombia

The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9%.


Between 20% and 80%


Mexico

In 2006 the prevalence of circumcision in Mexico was estimated to be 10% to 31%. A recent (2020) HIV study conducted in Mexico City found a participant circumcision rate of 23% (255/1118).


Puerto Rico

In 2012 a random sample of male visitors to a STI center in San Juan were surveyed on various topics, the reported circumcision rate was 32.4%.


Canada

Circumcision in Canada followed the pattern of other English speaking countries, with the practice being adopted during the 1900s on hygienic grounds, but with the rate of circumcision declining in the latter part of the 20th century, particularly after a new policy position was released in 1975. The Canadian Paediatric Society estimated that, in 1970, 48 percent of males were circumcised. However, studies conducted in 1977–1978 revealed a wide variation in the incidence of circumcision between different provinces and territories. For example,
Yukon Yukon () is a Provinces and territories of Canada, territory of Canada, bordering British Columbia to the south, the Northwest Territories to the east, the Beaufort Sea to the north, and the U.S. state of Alaska to the west. It is Canada’s we ...
reported a rate of 74.8 percent, while
Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador, having a total size of . As of 2025 the population ...
reported an incidence of 1.9 to 2.4 percent. The rate continued to drop, with the newborn circumcision rate in Ontario in 1994–95 dropping to 29.9%. A survey of Canadian maternity practices conducted in 2006/2007, and published in 2009 by the national public health agency, found a newborn circumcision rate of 31.9%. Rates varied markedly across the country, from close to zero in
Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador, having a total size of . As of 2025 the population ...
and
Labrador Labrador () is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its populatio ...
to 44.3% in
Alberta Alberta is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Canada. It is a part of Western Canada and is one of the three Canadian Prairies, prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to its west, Saskatchewan to its east, t ...
and 43.7% in
Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
. In 2015, the Canadian Paediatric Society used those statistics in determining the national circumcision rate it currently quotes. A more recent survey conducted in 2011 on expecting couples in Saskatchewan (average age 30.3) found the prevalence of circumcision among expecting dads to be 61% and that 56.4% of parents would consider elective circumcision for their son.


Over 80%


United States

As of 2014, an estimated 80.5% of American men aged 14–59 are circumcised. Morris et al. found a present rate of 77% in 2010, when accounting for underreporting. During the 2000s, the prevalence of circumcision in men aged 14–59 differed by race: 91 percent of non-Hispanic white men, 76 percent of black men, and 44 percent of Hispanic men (of any race) were circumcised, according to '' Mayo Clinic Proceedings.''
Wolters Kluwer Wolters Kluwer N.V. is a Dutch information services company. The company serves legal, business, tax, accounting, finance, audit, risk, compliance, and healthcare markets. Wolters Kluwer in its current form was founded in 1987 with a merger bet ...
estimated that closer to 80% of males as of April 2023 were circumcised.
Medicaid Medicaid is a government program in the United States that provides health insurance for adults and children with limited income and resources. The program is partially funded and primarily managed by U.S. state, state governments, which also h ...
funding for infant circumcision used to be available in every state, but starting with California in 1982, 13 states have eliminated Medicaid coverage of routine circumcision as of 2025, with several states reversing their decisions and reinstating coverage for the procedure. One study in the Midwest of the U.S. found that this had no effect on the newborn circumcision rate but it did affect the demand for circumcision at a later time. Another study, published in early 2009, found a difference in the neonatal male circumcision rate of 24% between states with and without Medicaid coverage. The study was controlled for other factors such as the percentage of Hispanic patients. The CDC uses two data sources to track circumcision rates. The first is the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a survey research program conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States, and ...
(NHANES), which records circumcisions performed at any time at any location. The second is the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), which does not record circumcisions performed outside the hospital setting or those performed at any age following discharge from the birth hospitalization. Circumcision was the second-most common procedure performed on patients under one year of age, after routine inoculations and prophylactic vaccinations. There are various explanations for why the infant circumcision rate in the United States is different from comparable countries. Many parents' decisions about circumcision are preconceived, which may contribute to the high rate of elective circumcision. Brown & Brown (1987) reported the most correlated factor is whether the father is circumcised.


Asia


Less than 20%

Bhutan, Burma, China, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.


India

According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) the overall circumcision rate in India is 16%.


China

The overall prevalence of circumcision in China is reported to be 14%.


Hong Kong

A sample of children aged <12 found a circumcision rate of 3.4% (1982). A survey on men who regularly visit female sex workers from 2012 found a circumcision rate of 28%.


Singapore

The prevalence of circumcision in Singapore is estimated to be 14.9%.


Taiwan

It is estimated that the circumcision rate for men aged 20–40 is between 10 and 15%.


Cambodia

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Cambodia is reported to be 3.5%.


Between 20% and 80%

Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, and South Korea.


Lebanon

Lebanon is unique in that it has by far the lowest circumcision rate in the
Arab world The Arab world ( '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in West Asia and North Africa. While the majority of people in ...
. As of 2025, only 59.7% of Lebanese men are circumcised, compared to over 85% in other Arab countries. Lebanon has a higher percentage of Christians than any other Arab country, most of whom are Maronite Catholics, and while some practise circumcision, many do not. In contrast, Muslims in Lebanon usually do practise circumcision.


South Korea

Circumcision is largely a modern-day phenomenon in South Korea, though the rate has decreased in recent years. While during the twentieth century, the rate of circumcision increased to around 80%, virtually no circumcision was performed prior to 1945, as it was against Korea's long and strong tradition of preserving the body as a gift from parents. A 2001 study of 20-year-old South Korean men found that 78% were circumcised. At the time, the authors commented that "South Korea has possibly the largest absolute number of teenage or adult circumcisions anywhere in the world. Because circumcision started through contact with the American military during the Korean War, South Korea has an unusual history of circumcision." According to a 2002 study, 86.3% of South Korean males aged 14–29 were circumcised. In 2012, it is the case of 75.8% of the same age group. Only after 1999 has some information against circumcision become available (at the time of the 2012 study, only 3% of Korean internet sites, using the most popular Korean search engine
Naver Naver (; stylized as NAVER) is a South Korean online platform operated by the Naver Corporation. The company's products include a search engine, email hosting, blogs, maps, and mobile payment. History Naver was the first Korean web provide ...
, were against indiscriminate circumcision and 97% were for). The authors of the study speculate "that the very existence of information about the history of Korean circumcision, its contrary nature relative to a longstanding tradition, its introduction by the US military, etc., has been extremely influential on the decision-making process regarding circumcision.".


More than 80%

Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Palestine, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.


Philippines

The overall prevalence of circumcision ('' tuli'') in the Philippines is reported to be 92.5%. Most circumcisions in the Philippines are performed between the ages of 11 and 13.


Europe


Less than 20%

Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.


Germany (<15 %)

An exact number for the circumcision rate in Germany is not available. A 2016 study in '' Population Health Metrics'' quotes a survey stating 6.7% for men aged 30 to 61. Public health insurances in Germany paid for 32 thousand circumcisions on boys in 2020. In this context, a peer-reviewed study found that circumcisions of minors increased slightly throughout the study period between 2013 and 2018. The corresponding population-related number rose from 7.5 circumcisions per 1,000 minors in 2013 to 8 in 2018. A peer-reviewed study in 2021 found that circumcisions were more frequent in the first 5 years of life and above 15 years of age, whereas preputium-preserving procedures were preferred in the age groups between 5 and 14 years of age. Its also claims a decrease in the number of circumcisions in recent years, stating that " e hnumber of circumcisions and preputium-preserving operations decreased in absolute and relative numbers" and that " e increasing trend towards neonatal circumcision observed in the United States is absent in Germany". Neonatal in this context refers to circumcisions shortly after birth. Another peer-reviewed study in 2023 also reports that among than 38,000 German homosexual men without
migration background In the Germanosphere, ''migration background'' () is a term used to describe people on the basis of Identity politics, identity and ancestry. Migration background is a variably defined Social structure, socio-demographic characteristic that desc ...
19.7% were circumcised.


United Kingdom (15.8%)

A national survey on sexual attitudes in 2000 found that 15.8% of men or boys in the United Kingdom (ages 16–44) were circumcised by their parents' choosing, while 11.7% of 16- to 19-year-olds, and 19.6% of 40- to 44-year-olds said they had been circumcised. Apart from black Caribbeans, men born overseas were more likely to be circumcised. Rickwood et al. reported that the proportion of English boys circumcised for medical reasons had fallen from 35% in the early 1930s to 6.5% by the mid-1980s. an estimated 3.8% of male children in the UK were being circumcised for medical reasons by the age of 15. The researchers stated that too many boys, especially under the age of 5, were still being circumcised because of a misdiagnosis of
phimosis Phimosis (from Greek language, Greek φίμωσις ''phimōsis'' 'muzzling') is a condition in which the foreskin of the Human penis, penis cannot stretch to allow it to be pulled back past the Glans penis, glans. A balloon-like swelling under ...
. They called for a target to reduce the percentage to 2%.


The Netherlands (9 - 16%)

Among participants of the HELIUS study, recruited between 2011 and 2015 (age 18–70), the circumcision rate for Dutch men without a
migration background In the Germanosphere, ''migration background'' () is a term used to describe people on the basis of Identity politics, identity and ancestry. Migration background is a variably defined Social structure, socio-demographic characteristic that desc ...
was 9%. The rate was > 95% for men of Moroccan, Turkish or Ghanaian background. A small study from 2019 that recruited homosexual men suffering from various STDs found that 16% of the participants were circumcised.


France (14%)

In France, according to a telephone survey (TNS Sofres Institute, 2008), 14% of men are circumcised..


Bulgaria (13.4%)

The circumcision rate in Bulgaria is estimated to be 13.4%.


Russia (11.8%)

The circumcision rate in Russia is estimated to be 11.8%.


Sweden (11.8%)

A study on hypospadias in 2016 recruited a control group (i.e. men without hypospadias) via the Swedish Population Registry; the reported circumcision rate of the controls was 11.8% with a mean age of 33.


Denmark (1.6 - 7%)

In 1986, 511 out of approximately 478,000 Danish boys aged 0–14 years were circumcised. This corresponds to a cumulative national circumcision rate of around 1.6% by the age of 15 years. A recent survey (2017–2018) called Project SEXUS surveyed 62,675 Danes aged 15–89 years on sexual topics. The survey found the male circumcision rate to be 7%. Of the respondents 5% were circumcised for medical or other reasons, while 2% were circumcised for religious or traditional reasons.


Spain (6.6%)

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Spain is reported to be 6.6%.


Poland (5%)

A 2017 survey of Polish university students (average age - 25) found a circumcision rate of 5%. This figure is an estimate and fully representative only for students of the university where the survey took place. A 2016 study estimated a prevalence rate of 0.11% in total population.


Slovenia (8.5%)

In Slovenia, a 1999–2001 national probability sample of the general population aged 18–49 years found that overall, 4.5% of Slovenian male citizens reported being circumcised. Prevalence strongly varied across religious groups, with 92.4% of Muslims being circumcised, 1.7% of Roman Catholics, 0% of other religious affiliations (Evangelic, Serbian Orthodox, other), and 7.1% of those with no religious affiliation. The circumcision rate was reported to be 8.5% in 2016.


Finland (2-4%)

In Finland, the overall prevalence of circumcision is 2–4%, according to a recent publication by the Finnish Health Ministry.


Croatia (1.34%)

A 2016 report found that the circumcision rate in Croatia was 1.34%.


Between 20% and 80%

Belgium, Albania, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Bosnia and Herzegovina (58.7% or 41.6%)

In
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to th ...
the circumcision rate was 58.7% in 2018. Another study shows a circumcision rate of 41.6% in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Albania (36.8% or 47.7%)

In Albania during the years 2008–09 the percentage of men age 15–49 who reported having been circumcised was 47.7%. In the years 2017–18 the circumcision rate in Albania had declined to 36.8%. The percentage of circumcised men aged 15–49 across various prefectures ranges from 82.2% in Kukës, 66.7% in Dibër, 53.7% in Durrës, 52.8% in Tirana, and 50.4% in Shkodër, to 26.3% in Elbasan, 21.4% in Korçë, 18.7% in Berat, 18.1% in Vlorë, 12.6% in Fier, 4.5% in Gjirokastër, and 4.0% in Lezhë. Albania is unique regarding the lower than expected practice of circumcision as even among Muslims, the rate is 46.5%, while among Bektashis it is lower at 21%. This contrasts with the near-universal practice of circumcision as Islamic custom among Muslims worldwide.https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR230/FR230.pdf WHO page 236


Belgium (~22%)

A study on genital sensitivity from 2013 recruited ~1400 adult men through leaflets randomly distributed at railway stations in Belgium. In this study 22.6% of the participants reported being circumcised. The majority identified as being Caucasian with only a very small minority reporting being Asian, Arabic or African. In another more recent (2023) and similarly designed study on genital sensitivity 21.7% (152 out of 702) of participants reported being circumcised. According to data from the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI or RIZIV), the number of circumcisions performed in Belgium amounted to 25,286 in the year of 2011. The vast majority of the procedures were performed on individuals aged < 16 years old. If this rate remains stable it is estimated that over time the circumcision rate for boys aged 16 will reach 31.71%.


Over 80%

Kosovo (91.7%), Azerbaijan (98.5%) and Turkey (98.6%).


Oceania

In Australia and New Zealand, circumcision was once common but is now rare except among Muslims and Jews. Historically it was practiced by some
Aboriginal Australians Aboriginal Australians are the various indigenous peoples of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the Torres Strait Islands. Humans first migrated to Australia (co ...
in parts of Australia as an initiation ritual. In Papua New Guinea, circumcision is rare, but a significant minority of men undergo some form of penile cutting. In many Pacific Island countries, including Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tonga and parts of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, circumcision is a traditional rite of passage and is common. In Fiji, circumcision is only common among Indigenous and Muslim Fijians.


Australia

As of 2016, an estimated 26.6% of Australian men were circumcised. Circumcision is especially rare in
Tasmania Tasmania (; palawa kani: ''Lutruwita'') is an island States and territories of Australia, state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, and is separated from it by the Bass Strait. The sta ...
. Circumcision reached its peak in Australia in the 1950s with a rate of more than 80%, but steadily fell to an estimated 15% in 2012. The Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships is a computer assisted telephone interview of males aged 16–64 that uses a nationally representative population sample. In 2005 the interview found that the prevalence of circumcision in Australia was roughly 58%. Circumcision status was more common with males over 30 than males under 30, and more common with males who were born in Australia. 66% of males born in Australia were circumcised and less than 1/3 of males under 30 were circumcised. There has been a decline in the rate of infant circumcision in Australia. The
Royal Australasian College of Physicians The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) is a not-for-profit professional organisation responsible for training and educating physicians and paediatricians across Australia and New Zealand. The RACP is responsible for training both ...
(RACP) estimated in 2010 that 10 to 20 percent of newborn boys were being circumcised, but the prevalence of male circumcision is much higher due to the presence of older circumcised males remaining in the population.
Medicare Australia Medicare is the publicly funded universal health care insurance scheme in Australia. The Department of Health, Disability and Ageing manages the program, while Services Australia is responsible for claim and registration processing. The sc ...
records show the number of males younger than six months that underwent circumcision dropped from 19,663 in 2007/08 to 6,309 (4%) in 2016/17 and further to 3,992 (2.48%) in 2023.


Fiji

In 2016, the circumcision rate in Fiji was 55%. While circumcision is common among iTaukei (Indigenous Fijians) and among Muslims, it is not common among European or Hindu
Indo-Fijians Indo-Fijians () are Fijians of South Asian descent whose ancestors were Girmitiyas, indentured labourers. Indo-Fijians trace their ancestry to various regions of the Indian subcontinent. Although Indo-Fijians constituted a majority of Fiji's ...
. Circumcision is an ancient rite in Fiji that predates colonialism. In precolonial Fiji, boys were circumcised around age 12. The practice of circumcision remains today, though now it is performed by a doctor.


New Zealand

According to the World Health Organization, fewer than 20% of males are circumcised in New Zealand in 2007. In New Zealand routine circumcision for which there is no medical indication is uncommon and no longer publicly funded within the public hospital system. In a study of men born in 1972–1973 in
Dunedin Dunedin ( ; ) is the second-most populous city in the South Island of New Zealand (after Christchurch), and the principal city of the Otago region. Its name comes from ("fort of Edin"), the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of S ...
, 40.2% were circumcised. In a study of men born in 1977 in
Christchurch Christchurch (; ) is the largest city in the South Island and the List of cities in New Zealand, second-largest city by urban area population in New Zealand. Christchurch has an urban population of , and a metropolitan population of over hal ...
, 26.1% were circumcised. A 1991 survey conducted in
Waikato The Waikato () is a region of the upper North Island of New Zealand. It covers the Waikato District, Waipā District, Matamata-Piako District, South Waikato District and Hamilton City, as well as Hauraki, Coromandel Peninsula, the nort ...
found that 7% of male infants were circumcised.


Papua New Guinea

While 47% of men in Papua New Guinea have undergone some form of penile circumcision, only about 10% are actually circumcised. Many women in Papua New Guinea express concerns about male circumcision.


Solomon Islands

An estimated 95% of Solomon Islanders are circumcised as of 2016. Circumcision is well-documented on the island of
Tikopia Tikopia is a volcanic island in Temotu Province, in the independent nation of Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Although most of Solomon Islands is Melanesian, Tikopia is culturally Polynesian. Its remoteness has enabled much of its c ...
in the Solomon Islands, where it is a shame to not be circumcised.


Vanuatu

An estimated 95% of Vanuatuans are circumcised as of 2016. On the island of Tanna, circumcisions are traditionally performed in September.


References and notes


Notes


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prevalence Of Circumcision Circumcision Circumcision debate Gender-related violence Men's health Men's rights