The Head of State of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union. Throughout its

history History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the Human history, human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some t ...

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

has had several forms of

government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), execu ...

. Under the federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. Under the Seven Laws ( centralist), the chief executive was named ''President of the Republic''. In addition, there have been two periods of monarchical rule, during which the executive was controlled by the Emperor of Mexico. The chronology of the heads of state of Mexico is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Mexican presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of

Lázaro Cárdenas Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (; 21 May 1895 – 19 October 1970) was a Mexican army officer and politician who served as president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. Previously, he served as a general in the Constitutional Army during the Mexican Revo ...

, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months. This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed the Mexican Executive duties during periods of transition.

First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)

First Regency

After the end of the

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence (, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional ...

, a Provisional Board of Governing consisting of thirty-four persons was set up. The Board decreed and signed the

Declaration of Independence A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breaka ...

and appointed a regency composed of six people.

Second Regency

Monarchy of Agustín I

Provisional Government (1823–1824)

The Provisional Government of 1823–1824 was an organization that served as the Executive in the government of

after the abdication of Agustín I, monarch of Mexican Empire in 1823. The provisional government was responsible for convening the body that created the

Federal Republic A federal republic is a federation of Federated state, states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected re ...

and existed from 1 April 1823 to 10 October 1824.

First Federal Republic (1824–1835)

The president and vice president did not run jointly and could be from different parties.

Centralist Republic (1835–1846)

Second Federal Republic (1846–1863)

Reform War 1858–1860

There were two rival governments during the civil war of the Reform, which the liberals won.

President recognized by the Liberals

Presidents recognized by the Conservatives

Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867)

Regency

On 22 June 1863, a "Superior Governing Board" was established. On 11 July, the Board became the Regency of the Empire.

Monarchy of Maximilian I

Restored Republic (1867–1876)

Porfiriato (1876–1911)

Revolution (1911–1928)

;Political parties

Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes

The Conventionists were followers of revolutionary generals

Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa ( , , ; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and prominent figure in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced ...

and Emiliano Zapata. They fought a civil war with the followers of revolutionaries under Venustiano Carranza.

Constitutionalist victory and restoration of democracy

The revolutionary Constitutionalist Army under the authority "First Chief" Venustiano Carranza defeated the Army of the Convention in 1915, with a new constitution drafted in 1916–17. ;Political parties

Maximato (1928–1934)

President-elect Obregón was assassinated before he was inaugurated for a six-year presidential term. Calles brought together revolutionaries to found the National Revolutionary Party (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)). Calles could not succeed himself as president, but he remained the power behind the presidency as the ''jefe máximo'' (maximum chief). ;Political parties

Modern Mexico (1934–present)

After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the 1934 general election, all the presidents have completed their six-year terms. ;Political parties

Presidents who died in office

Timeline

References

External links

''Lista de gobernantes de México'' Official List
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heads of state of Mexico Mexico, List of heads of state of *List Presidents

Lists of Mexican politicians