The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré (), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in

Britain Britain most often refers to: * Great Britain, a large island comprising the countries of England, Scotland and Wales * The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a sovereign state in Europe comprising Great Britain and the north-eas ...

and

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, as the White Canons (from the colour of their

habit A habit (or wont, as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. A 1903 paper in the '' American Journal of Psychology'' defined a "habit, from the standpoint of psychology, ...

), is a

religious order A religious order is a subgroup within a larger confessional community with a distinctive high-religiosity lifestyle and clear membership. Religious orders often trace their lineage from revered teachers, venerate their Organizational founder, ...

canons regular The Canons Regular of St. Augustine are Catholic priests who live in community under a rule ( and κανών, ''kanon'', in Greek) and are generally organised into Religious order (Catholic), religious orders, differing from both Secular clergy, ...

in the

Catholic Church The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

. They were founded in Prémontré near

Laon Laon () is a city in the Aisne Departments of France, department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. History Early history The Ancient Diocese of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held s ...

in 1120 by

Norbert of Xanten Norbert of Xanten, O. Praem (c. 1080 – 6 June 1134), also known as Norbert Gennep, was a German Catholic bishop who was the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, founder of the Premonstratensian order of canons regular, and is ...

, who later became

Archbishop of Magdeburg The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Latin Catholic archdiocese (969–1552) and Prince-Archbishopric (1180–1680) of the Holy Roman Empire centered on the city of Magdeburg on the Elbe River. Planned since 955 and established in 967, the arch ...

. Premonstratensians are designated by O.Praem (''Ordo Praemonstratensis'') following their name. They are part of the Augustinian tradition. Norbert was a friend of

Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux, Cistercians, O.Cist. (; 109020 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, Mysticism, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templar, and a major leader in the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercia ...

and was largely influenced by the

Cistercian The Cistercians (), officially the Order of Cistercians (, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contri ...

ideals as to both the manner of life and the government of his order. As the Premonstratensians are not

monk A monk (; from , ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a man who is a member of a religious order and lives in a monastery. A monk usually lives his life in prayer and contemplation. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many reli ...

s but canons regular, their work often involves preaching and the exercising of pastoral ministry; they frequently serve in parishes close to their abbeys or priories.

History

The order was founded in 1120. Saint Norbert had made various efforts to introduce a strict form of canonical life in various communities of canons in

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

; in 1120 he was working in the now-extinct

Ancient Diocese of Laon The diocese of Laon in the present-day département of Aisne, was a Catholic diocese for around 1300 years, up to the French Revolution. Its seat was in Laon, France, with Laon Cathedral. From early in the 13th century, the bishop of Laon was ...

, in

Picardy Picardy (; Picard language, Picard and , , ) is a historical and cultural territory and a former regions of France, administrative region located in northern France. The first mentions of this province date back to the Middle Ages: it gained it ...

, northeastern

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

. There, in a rural place called Prémontré, he and thirteen companions established a monastery to be the cradle of a new order. As they were canons regular, they followed the Rule of St. Augustine, but with supplementary statutes that made their life one of great austerity. Common prayer and celebration of the Eucharist was to be the sustaining dynamic of the community. In 1126, when the order received papal

approbation Approbation may refer to: * Approbation (Catholic canon law), an act in the Catholic Church by which a bishop or other legitimate superior grants to an ecclesiastic the actual exercise of his ministry * Approbation (Germany), the process of grant ...

Pope Honorius II Pope Honorius II (9 February 1060 – 13 February 1130), born Lamberto Scannabecchi,Levillain, pg. 731 was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 December 1124 to his death in 1130. Although from a humble background, ...

, there were nine houses; others were established in quick succession throughout western Europe, so that at the middle of the fourteenth century there were some 1,300 monasteries for men and 400 for women. The Norbertines played a predominant part in the conversion of the

Wends Wends is a historical name for Slavs who inhabited present-day northeast Germany. It refers not to a homogeneous people, but to various people, tribes or groups depending on where and when it was used. In the modern day, communities identifying ...

and the bringing of

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

to the territories around the

Elbe The Elbe ( ; ; or ''Elv''; Upper Sorbian, Upper and , ) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Ge ...

and the

Oder The Oder ( ; Czech and ) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and its largest tributary the Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows through wes ...

. In time, mitigations and relaxations emerged, and these gave rise to reforms and semi-independent congregations within the Order. The Norbertines arrived in England about 1143, first at Newhouse in

Lincoln, England Lincoln () is a cathedral city and non-metropolitan district, district in Lincolnshire, England, of which it is the county town. In the 2021 Census, the city's district had a population of 103,813. The 2021 census gave the Lincoln Urban Area, u ...

; before the dissolution under

Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his Wives of Henry VIII, six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. ...

there were 35 houses. Soon after their arrival in England, they founded

Dryburgh Abbey Dryburgh Abbey, near Dryburgh on the banks of the River Tweed in the Scottish Borders, was nominally founded on 10 November (Martinmas) 1150 in an agreement between Hugh de Morville, Constable of Scotland, and the Premonstratensian canons reg ...

in the Borders area of

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

, which was followed by other communities at

Whithorn Priory Whithorn Priory was a medieval Scottish monastery that also served as a cathedral, located at 6 Bruce Street in Whithorn, Wigtownshire, Dumfries and Galloway (54.7357N, 4.415954W; OS grid reference NX445405). History The priory was founded ...

, Dercongal Abbey and

Tongland Abbey Tungland or Tongland Abbey was a Premonstratensians, Premonstratensian monastic community located in Tongland in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It was probably founded circa 1218 by Alan, Lord ...

all in the Borders area, as well as

Fearn Abbey Fearn Abbey – known as "The Lamp of the North" – has its origins in one of Scotland's oldest pre-Reformation church buildings. Part of the Church of Scotland and located to the southeast of Tain, Ross-shire, the historic building ...

in the northern part of the nation. Like most orders they were almost completely devastated by the successive onslaughts of the Reformation, French Revolution, and Napoleon, but then experienced a revival in the 19th century. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the order had become almost extinct, only eight houses surviving, all in the

Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm (), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities (composite monarchy) that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is ...

. However, there was something of a resurgence, and at the start of the twentieth century there were 20 monasteries and 1000 priests. , the number of monasteries had increased to nearly 100 and spread to every continent. In 1893, Father Bernard Pennings and two other Norbertines from Berne Abbey arrived in the United States of America to minister to Belgian immigrants in northern Wisconsin.

De Pere, Wisconsin De Pere ( ) is a city in Brown County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 25,410 at the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census. It is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area. History When the first European, Jean Nicolet, visited the p ...

became the site of the first Norbertine Abbey in the new world. By their nature as canons regular the Premonstratensians have always engaged in pastoral work of various kinds, including what would now be called retreat centres (nearly everywhere), and care for pilgrims (as at

Conques Conques (; Languedocien: ''Concas'') is a former commune in the Aveyron department in Southern France, in the Occitania region. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Conques-en-Rouergue. Geography The village is located at t ...

) and, like many religious houses, have often run schools on a variety of scales (Averbode Abbey, Berne Abbey,

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

). In order to support themselves, the different communities have down the centuries, and in modern times, operated small-scale manual activities (SME) such as printing (

Averbode Abbey Averbode Abbey is a Premonstratensian abbey situated in Averbode, in the municipality Scherpenheuvel-Zichem (Flemish Brabant), in the Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels in Belgium. It was founded about 1134, suppressed in 1797, and reestablished i ...

Tongerlo Abbey Tongerlo Abbey is a Premonstratensian monastery at Tongerlo in Westerlo near Antwerp, Belgium. History It was founded in 1128 in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, by Giselbert of Kasterlee, who not only gave the land, but also himself became a l ...

Berne Abbey Berne Abbey, a Dutch abbey of the Premonstratensians, or Norbertines, in Heeswijk, North Brabant, is a religious community in the Netherlands. It has 27 brothers and priests (2007; down from 33 in 2005). The community publishes a bi-monthly magaz ...

), farming (

Kinshasa Kinshasa (; ; ), formerly named Léopoldville from 1881–1966 (), is the Capital city, capital and Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa is one of the world's fastest-grow ...

, Postel Abbey), forestry (Schlägl Abbey, Geras Abbey,

Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's m ...

), and cheese-making (Postel Abbey). They have also entered agreements with breweries (Tongerlo Abbey, Postel Abbey, Park Abbey,

Leffe Leffe (; ) is a beer brand owned by InBev Belgium, the European operating arm of the global Anheuser–Busch InBev brewery giant. There are several beers in the range, and they are marketed as abbey beers. They are brewed in large quantitie ...

Grimbergen Grimbergen () is a Municipalities in Belgium, municipality in the Provinces of Belgium, province of Flemish Brabant, in the Flemish region of Belgium, north of the capital Brussels. The municipality comprises the towns of Beigem, Grimbergen, Hu ...

) and undertaken artistic bookbinding (in

Oosterhout Oosterhout (; from ''ooster'', "eastern", and ''hout'', "woods") is a Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality and a city in southern Netherlands. The municipality had a population of in . Population centers The municipality of Ooste ...

). Other activities have included the running of an astronomical observatory (Mira, Grimbergen). In 2015, there were some 1000 male and 200 female members of the Order. The Feast of All Norbertine Saints and Blesseds is celebrated internally on November 13. The Norbertines have also had a major presence in the area of

Green Bay, Wisconsin Green Bay is a city in Brown County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located at the head of Green Bay (Lake Michigan), Green Bay (known locally as "the bay of Green Bay"), a sub-basin of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the F ...

, owning

WBAY WBAY-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Gray Media. The station's studios are located on South Jefferson Street in downtown Green Bay (across from the historic Brown ...

television and radio stations until the mid-1970s. The Norbertines ran two local boys high schools until 1990 and still run four local schools in De Pere and Green Bay. Among these schools is St. Norbert College, the only Norbertine higher education institution in the world.

Canonesses

JRKRUK 20130606 NORBERTANKI IMBRAMOWICE IMG 9376

The Order has several abbeys of women who, though technically called canonesses, follow the life of an

enclosed religious order Enclosed religious orders are religious orders whose members strictly separate themselves from the affairs of the external world. The term ''cloistered'' is synonymous with ''enclosed''. In the Catholic Church, enclosure is regulated by the cod ...

and are therefore more commonly termed Norbertine

nun A nun is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service and contemplation, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.''The Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. X, page 5 ...

s. Like the Norbertine communities for men, those for women are autonomous. Unusually, within the religious communities of the

, the Norbertine Order has always seen the spiritual life of the canonesses as being on an equal footing with that of its priests and

lay brother Lay brother is a largely extinct term referring to religious brothers, particularly in the Catholic Church, who focused upon manual service and secular matters, and were distinguished from choir monks or friars in that they did not pray in choi ...

s. In the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

, the Premonstratensians even had a few

double monasteries A double monastery (also dual monastery or double house) is a monastery combining separate communities of monks and of nuns, joined in one institution to share one church and other facilities. The practice is believed to have started in the East ...

, where men and women lived in cloisters located next to each other as part of the same abbey, the communities demonstrating their unity by sharing the church building. Today, it is common for a foundation of canonesses to have links not only with other canonesses, but also with a community of canons.

Premonstratensian Rite

The Premonstratensians were among the religious orders with their own rite who kept this rite after

Pope Pius V Pope Pius V, OP (; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (and from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 January 1566 to his death, in May 1572. He was an ...

suppressed such rites with a continuous tradition of less than two hundred years. The Premonstratensian Rite was especially characterized by a ritual solemnity. The Premonstratensian Rite was also characterized by an emphasis on the

Paschal mystery The Paschal mystery is central to Catholic faith and theology relating to the Salvation history, history of salvation. According to the Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, "The Paschal Mystery of Jesus, which comprises his Passion ...

unique among the Latin rites. This was especially seen in the solemnity with which the daily conventional High Mass and office was celebrated during the Easter octave, especially vespers which concluded with a procession to the baptismal font, a practice paralleled among the Latin rites only in similar processions still found in the

Ambrosian Rite The Ambrosian Rite () is a Latin liturgical rites, Latin liturgical rite of the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (specifically The Divine Liturgy of Saint Ambrose). The ritual family, rite is named after Ambrose, Saint Ambrose, a b ...

. Another unique practice of the Premonstratensian Rite was the celebration of a daily votive Mass in honor of the

Virgin Mary Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under titles of Mary, mother of Jesus, various titles such as Perpetual virginity ...

in each of its abbeys and priories.

Structure

Since Norbertine abbeys (and most priories) are autonomous, practices and apostolates are different, depending on the needs of the local Church. Some houses are contemplative in character whilst others are highly active in pastoral ministry. However, each is guided by the Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions established by the

General Chapter A chapter ( or ') is one of several bodies of clergy in Catholic, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Nordic Lutheran churches or their gatherings. Name The name derives from the habit of convening monks or canons for the reading of a chapter o ...

, which is held every six years. The general Chapter includes representatives from both male and female communities. The head of the Order, termed

Abbot Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of an independent monastery for men in various Western Christian traditions. The name is derived from ''abba'', the Aramaic form of the Hebrew ''ab'', and means "father". The female equivale ...

General, resides in

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

, and he is assisted in his duties by the Definitors (High Council) as well as commissions established for various aspects of the Order's life such as liturgy and inter-abbey communications.

Abbeys

As of 2012, there were Premonstratensian abbeys or priories throughout the world: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the USA. There are seven circaries (Premonstratensian term for an

ecclesiastical province An ecclesiastical province is one of the basic forms of jurisdiction in Christian churches, including those of both Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity, that have traditional hierarchical structures. An ecclesiastical province consist ...

): Anglica Circary *St Norbert Priory, Queens Park, Perth, Australia * Priory of Our Lady of Sorrows, Peckham, England *Holy Trinity Abbey, Kilnacrott, Ireland * St. Norbert Abbey, De Pere, Wisconsin ** Holy Spirit House of Studies, Chicago *

Daylesford Abbey Daylesford Abbey is a Roman Catholic monastery of Premonstratensians, Canons Regular of Premontre, located in Chester County, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles west of Philadelphia. The Abbey is named after Daylesford, Pennsylvania, where the Norbert ...

, Paoli, Pennsylvania, USA * Immaculate Conception Priory, Middletown, Delaware, USA * St. Michael's Abbey, California, USA **Corpus Christi Priory *Norbertine Canonesses of the Bethlehem Priory of St. Joseph, California, USA *Santa Maria de la Vid Abbey, New Mexico, USA * St.Norbert Abbey, Jamtara, Jabalpur (M.P), India **St. Norbert Priory, Indara, India **St. Norbert Priory, Mumbai, India **St. Norbert Study House, Nagpur, India **Norbertine Study House, Pune, India *Canonry of Verapoly, Kerala, India * Canonry of Manathawady, India **St. Norbert's Priory, Cape Town, South Africa * St. Norbert Priory, Tamil Nadu, India Bohemica Circary * Nová Říše Monastery, Czech Republic *

Strahov Monastery Strahov Monastery () is a Premonstratensian abbey founded in 1143 by Jindřich Zdík, Bishop John of Prague, and Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia. It is located in Strahov, Prague, Czech Republic. History The founding of a monastery After his p ...

, Czech Republic **Canonry in

Holíč Holíč (until 1946 "Holič", , ) is a town in western Slovakia. History The oldest archaeological findings in the area date from the Neolithic, and there are findings from the Bronze Age, Iron Age and the Roman time. The town was first mentioned ...

Slovakia *

Teplá Abbey Teplá Abbey (; ) is a Premonstratensian abbey in Teplá in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It is included in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague, Archdiocese of Prague. History Teplá Abbey was founded in 1193 by the Beat ...

, Czech Republic * Želiv Abbey, Czech Republic *

Jasov Jasov (; ) is a small town and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia. It is one of several towns in Bodva, Bodva Valley. Other towns in Bodva Valley include: Lucia Baňa, Lucia Bania, Metzenseifen, Medz ...

Monastery, Slovakia Brabantica Circary *

, Belgium **Vejle, Denmark **Brasschaat Priory, Belgium *

Grimbergen Abbey Grimbergen Abbey is a Premonstratensian monastery in Grimbergen, Flemish Brabant, Belgium, established in 1128 in the place of an earlier foundation of Augustinian Canons. The abbey itself was dissolved in 1796 in the aftermath of the French ...

, Belgium *

Park Abbey Park Abbey (; also Parc Abbey) is a Premonstratensian abbey in Belgium, at Heverlee just south of Leuven, in Flemish Brabant. The ''Annales Parchenses'' were written here in the 12th century. History The abbey was founded in 1129 by Godfrey I ...

, Belgium * Postel Abbey, Belgium *

, Belgium **Parroquia San Pablo, Chiguayante, Chile *

, The Netherlands **Priory of Essenburgh, Hierden **Priory ‘De Schans’, Tilburg Gallica Circary *Priory La Cambre, Brussels *Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe, Dinant * St. Joseph's Priory, Saint-Constant, Canada * Abbey of St. Michael, Frigolet, France * Abbey of St. Martin, Mondaye, France **Priory of St. Foy, Conques, France **Prieuré Notre-Dame des Neiges, Laloubère, France * La Lucerne Abbey * Priory of Our Lady of the Assumption, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Germanica Circary *

Hamborn Abbey Hamborn Abbey () is a Premonstratensian monastery in the Alt-Hamborn district of Duisburg, Germany. The abbey is physically located in the diocese of Essen, although not formally part of it. History The present abbey church originates in a smal ...

, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany **Premomonstratensian Priory in Magdeburg * Speinshart Abbey, Bavaria *

Windberg Abbey Windberg Abbey () is a Premonstratensian monastery in Windberg in Lower Bavaria, Germany. History First foundation Windberg Abbey was founded by Count Albert I of Bogen with the assistance of Bishop Otto of Bamberg on the site of the original ...

, Bavaria ** Roggenburg Abbey, Bavaria * Stift Geras, Austria * Stift Schlägl, Austria * Stift Wilten, Tyrol Hungarica Circary * Abbey of St. Michael the Archangel,

Csorna Csorna is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary. Csorna is located near the Fertő-Hanság National Park. There are two districts in the town: the Földsziget and the Csatárimajor. Etymology The name comes from Slavic languages, Slavic '' ...

, Hungary * Gödöllő Canonry,

Gödöllő Gödöllő, officially the City of Gödöllő, is a city in Pest County, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary, about northeast from the outskirts of Budapest. Its population is 34,396 according to the 2010 census and is growing rapidly. It can b ...

, Hungary * Saint Stephen Abbey, Oradea, Romania Portuguesa Circary *Priory of St. Norbert, Itinga, Brazil **Priory of Natal **Pfarre Gatterhölzl, Vienna, Austria * St Norbert Abbey, Jaú, Brazil **Parish of São Paulo * Montes Claros Priory ** Mirabela, priory parish ** Casa de Contagem

Discontinued

* Stift Griffen, Carinthia * Stift Pernegg, Lower Austria *

Bonne-Espérance Abbey Bonne-Espérance Abbey (, ) was a Premonstratensian abbey that existed from 1130 to the end of the 18th century, located in Vellereille-les-Brayeux in the Wallonia, Walloon municipality of Estinnes, Hainaut (province), province of Hainaut, Roman ...

, Belgium * Cornillon Abbey, Belgium *

Floreffe Abbey Floreffe Abbey () is a former Premonstratensian monastery, the second of the order to be founded, situated on the Sambre at Floreffe, about south-west of Namur, Wallonia, Belgium. History When Norbert of Xanten, founder of the Premonstratensia ...

, Belgium *Furnes (Veurne) Abbey * Leffe Abbey * Ninove Abbey, Belgium *

Bellapais Abbey Bellapais Abbey (also spelled Bellapaïs) is the ruin of a monastery built by Canons Regular in the 13th century on the northern side of the small village of Bellapais, in Northern Cyprus, about five kilometres from the town of Kyrenia. The rui ...

, Cyprus *

Hradisko Monastery Hradisko Monastery or Monastery Hradisko (Czech language: ''Klášter Hradisko'' or ''Klášterní Hradisko'', or simply ''Hradiště''; colloquially also: ''Moravský Escorial'', English: ''Castle Monastery'' or ''Hillfort Monastery'') is a f ...

, Czech Republic *

Børglum Abbey Børglum Abbey was an important Premonstratensian abbey of medieval Denmark, located in Børglum parish, in the commune of Hjørring, approximately five kilometers east of Løkken in north central Jutland (Region Nordjylland) from the 12th cent ...

, Denmark * Monastery of Bäckaskog,

Skåne Scania ( ), also known by its native name of Skåne (), is the southernmost of the historical provinces of Sweden, provinces () of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous w ...

, 12th-century Denmark * Monastery of Övedskloster, Skåne, 12th-century Denmark *Monastery of Tommarp, Skåne, 12th-century Denmark * Monastery of Vä, Skåne, 12th-century Denmark *

Ardenne Abbey The Abbey of Our Lady of Ardenne (), commonly called Ardenne Abbey, is a former Premonstratensian abbey founded in the 12th century and located near Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe in Calvados, near Caen, France. It is now occupied by the Insti ...

, France *

L'Étanche Abbey, Lorraine :''not to be confused with the Cistercian L'Étanche Abbey in the Vosges department'' L'Étanche Abbey is a former Premonstratensian monastery founded in the 12th century, the ruins of which are near the modern village of Deuxnouds-aux-Bois, in ...

, France *

Abbey of St John the Baptist, Falaise The Abbey of St John the Baptist (French: ''Abbaye Saint-Jean de Falaise''), in the diocese of Séez, in Falaise, Normandy, was an Augustinian abbey for Premonstratensian Canons and hospital founded in 1127 by ''Goinfrid'', (French: ''Gonfroy'',M ...

, France *

Cuissy Abbey Cuissy Abbey was a Premonstratensian abbey in France in the diocese of Soissons, and was among the earliest foundations of the Premonstratensian Order. History The abbey was situated at Cuissy-et-Geny, near Laon, in the ''département'' of Aisne. ...

, France *

Abbey of St. Martin, Laon The Abbey of St. Martin, Laon, established in 1124 in Laon in the modern department of Aisne in northern France, was one of the earliest foundations of the Premonstratensian Order. Along with Cuissy Abbey and Floreffe Abbey it counted as one of th ...

, France *

Prémontré Abbey Prémontré Abbey was the mother house of the Premonstratensian Order and was located at Prémontré about twelve miles west of Laon, ''département'' of Aisne, France. History It was founded by Saint Norbert of Xanten in 1120 on waste land tha ...

, France *

Pont-à-Mousson Pont-à-Mousson () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Its inhabitants are known as ''Mussipontains'' in French. It is an industrial town (mainly steel industry), situated on the river Moselle. Pont-à-Mou ...

Abbey * All Saints' Abbey, Germany * , North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany *

Lorsch Abbey Lorsch Abbey, otherwise the Imperial Abbey of Lorsch (; or ''Laurissa''), is a former Imperial abbey in Lorsch, Germany, about east of Worms, Germany, Worms. It was one of the most important monasteries of the Carolingian Empire. Even in its ru ...

, Germany * Obermarchtal Abbey, Germany *

Pöhlde Abbey Pöhlde Abbey was a Premonstratensian (previously Order of St. Benedict, Benedictine) monastery at Pöhlde, now a small village and part of the town of Herzberg am Harz, in Lower Saxony, Germany. History The lands of Pöhlde were given in dower ...

, Germany *

Schussenried Abbey Schussenried Abbey (''Kloster Schussenried'', ''Reichsabtei Schussenried'') is a former Catholic monastery in Bad Schussenried, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is famed for its Baroque library hall. The abbey was established in the 12th century b ...

, Germany *

Steingaden Abbey Steingaden Abbey (German: ''Kloster Steingaden'') was a Premonstratensian monastery in Steingaden in Bavaria, Germany. History Dedicated to John the Baptist, the abbey was founded in 1147 as a Premonstratensian house by Welf VI, third son of ...

, Germany *

Rot an der Rot Abbey Rot an der Rot Abbey (also referred to as ''Roth'', ''Münchroth'', ''Münchenroth'', ''Mönchroth'' or ''Mönchsroth'') was a Premonstratensian monastery in Rot an der Rot in Upper Swabia, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was the first Premonstrate ...

, Germany *

Weissenau Abbey Weissenau Abbey (German: ''Kloster Weißenau'', ''Reichsstift Weißenau'') was an List of Imperial abbeys, Imperial abbey (''Reichsabtei'') of the Holy Roman Empire located near Ravensburg in the Swabian Circle. The abbey, a Premonstratensian mona ...

, Germany *

Zsámbék Abbey Zsámbék () is a town in Pest County, Hungary. Location Zsámbék is located 30 km west of Budapest along the M1 motorway in the Gerecse Mountains. Its neighbouring villages are Tök, Perbál, Páty, Herceghalom, Mány, Bicske, and S ...

, Hungary * Holy Trinity Abbey, Lough Key, Ireland * Kildermot Abbey, Ireland * St. Antimo's Abbey, Italy *

St. Olav's Abbey, Tønsberg St. Olav's Abbey, Tønsberg () was a Premonstratensian monastery, located in Tønsberg, Norway. History The Premonstratensian canons founded the monastery, dedicated to Saint Olav, in Tønsberg in the second half of the 12th century, possibly in ...

, Norway * Monastery of Dragsmark,

Bohuslän Bohuslän () is a Provinces of Sweden, Swedish province in Götaland, on the northernmost part of the country's west coast. It is bordered by Dalsland to the northeast, Västergötland to the southeast, the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the ...

, 13th century Norway *

Šahy Šahy (, rarely ) is a town in southern Slovakia, The town has an ethnic Hungarian majority and its population is 7,238 people (2018), with an average age of 42.5. Geography It is located at the eastern reaches of the Danubian Lowland on the riv ...

- Slovakia *

Żukowo Żukowo (, , ) is a town in Kartuzy County, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of northern Poland in the cultural region of Kashubia, with 6,236 inhabitants (2005). It is located along the Radunia river in the historic Pomerelia, about southwest of G ...

- Poland *

Monastery of Santa María la Real in Aguilar de Campoo A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may ...

Aguilar de Campoo Aguilar de Campoo () is a town and municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain located in the North of province of Palencia, autonomous community of Castile and León. The River Pisuerga flows through its historic centre. Its 2011 population was ...

, Spain *

Santa María de La Vid Santa Claus (also known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle or Santa) is a legendary figure originating in Western Christianity, Western Christian culture who is said to Christmas gift-bringer, bring gifts during the ...

La Vid y Barrios La Vid y Barrios is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census A census (from Latin ''censere'', 'to assess') is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating ...

, Burgos (currently Augustinian), Spain *

Bellelay Abbey Bellelay Abbey is a former Premonstratensian monastery in the Bernese Jura in Switzerland, now a psychiatric clinic. It is a heritage site of national significance and the entire former Abbey complex is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Si ...

(Abbaye de Bellelay),

Bellelay Saicourt is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It comprises the localities of Le Fuet, Bellelay, La Bottiere and Montbautier. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ('' ...

, Switzerland * Gottstatt Abbey,

Orpund Orpund is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the Biel/Bienne (administrative district), Biel/Bienne administrative district in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Bern (canton), Bern in Switzerland. History Orpund is first ment ...

, Switzerland *

Romainmôtier Abbey Romainmôtier is a village and former municipality in the district of Orbe (district), Orbe in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. In 1970 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipality Envy, Switzerland, Envy to form a new and larger ...

Romainmôtier-Envy Romainmôtier-Envy () is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Jura-North Vaudois District, Jura-Nord Vaudois. The village, which lies on the Nozon r ...

, Switzerland *

Rüti Monastery Rüti Monastery () was a former Premonstratensian monastery, founded in 1206 and suppressed in 1525 on occasion of the Reformation in Zürich, situated in the Municipalities of the canton of Zürich, municipality of Rüti ZH, Rüti in the canton ...

(Kloster Rüti) and

Rüti Church Rüti, which comes from the Old High German word , meaning " clearing", is a popular name for towns in the German speaking part of Switzerland. It can refer to the following: *Rüti, Glarus in Glarus *Rüti, Zürich in Zürich *:Rüti Reformed Chu ...

, Switzerland *

Alnwick Abbey Alnwick Abbey was founded as a Premonstratensian monastery in 1147 by Eustace fitz John near Alnwick, England, as a daughter house of Newhouse Abbey in Lincolnshire. It was dissolved in 1535, refounded in 1536 and finally suppressed in 1539. ...

, England * Barlings Abbey, England *

Bayham Abbey Bayham Old Abbey is an English Heritage property, located near Lamberhurst, Kent, England. Founded c. 1208 through a combination of the failing Premonstratensian monasteries of Otham and Brockley, Bayham functioned as an abbey until its dissol ...

, England *

Beauchief Abbey Beauchief Abbey is a medieval monastic house now serving as a parish church in the southern suburbs of Sheffield, England. History The abbey was founded by Robert FitzRanulph de Alfreton. Thomas Tanner, writing in 1695, stated that it was fou ...

, England *

Beeleigh Abbey Beeleigh Abbey near Maldon in Essex, England, was a monastery constructed in 1180 for the Premonstratensians, as known as the Norbertines or Premonstratensians. The order linked the change of the separate life of monks in the 12th century with ...

, England *

Blanchland Abbey Blanchland Abbey at Blanchland, in the English county of Northumberland, was founded as a premonstratensian priory in 1165 by Walter de Bolbec II, and was a daughter house of Croxton Abbey in Leicestershire. It became an abbey in the late 13t ...

, England *

Cockersand Abbey Cockersand Abbey is a former abbey and former civil parish near Cockerham in the City of Lancaster district of Lancashire, England. It is situated near the mouth of the River Cocker. History It was founded before 1184 as the Hospital of St Mar ...

, England *

Coverham Abbey Coverham Abbey, North Yorkshire, England, was a Premonstratensian monastery that was founded at Swainby in 1190 by Helewisia, daughter of the Chief Justiciar Ranulf de Glanville. It was refounded at Coverham in about 1212 by her son Ranulf f ...

, England *

Croxton Abbey Croxton Abbey, near Croxton Kerrial, Leicestershire, was a Premonstratensian monastery founded by William I, Count of Boulogne. History Croxton Abbey was founded by William, Count of Boulogne and Mortain, who donated the land for the abbey ...

, England *

Dale Abbey Dale Abbey is a village and civil parish in the borough of Borough of Erewash, Erewash in Derbyshire in the East Midlands of England, 6 miles north east of Derby. The population of the civil parish on the 2011 census was 1,351. Formerly known as ...

, England * Durford Abbey, England *

Easby Abbey Easby Abbey, or the Abbey of St Agatha, is a ruined Premonstratensian abbey on the eastern bank of the River Swale on the outskirts of Richmond in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The site is privately owned but maintained by English Heri ...

, England *

Egglestone Abbey Egglestone Abbey is a ruined Premonstratensian abbey in County Durham, England. It is located south-east of Barnard Castle, on the south bank of the River Tees, and was historically within the North Riding of Yorkshire. The site buildings a ...

, England * Hagnaby Abbey, England *

Halesowen Abbey Halesowen Abbey was a Premonstratensian abbey in Halesowen, England of which only ruins remain. Founded by Peter des Roches with a grant of land from John of England, King John, the abbey's official year of inauguration was 1218. It acquired two ...

, England * Langley Abbey, England * Lavendon Abbey, England *

Leiston Abbey Leiston Abbey outside the town of Leiston, Suffolk, England, was a religious house of Canons Regular following the Premonstratensian rule (White canons), dedicated to Mary, mother of Jesus, St Mary. Founded in c. 1183 by Ranulf de Glanville (c. 1 ...

, England * Newbo Abbey, England *

Newsham Abbey Newsham Abbey was an abbey in Newsham, a small hamlet north of Brocklesby village in Lincolnshire, England, and one of nine within the historical county. Founded by Peter of Gousla in 1143, Newsham was a daughter house of the Abbey of Licques, ...

, England * Our Lady of England Priory, England * St. Radegund's Abbey, England *

Shap Abbey Shap Abbey was a religious house of the Premonstratensian order of Canons regular situated on the western bank of the River Lowther in the civil parish of Shap Rural, around from the village of Shap, in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England ...

, England *

Sulby Abbey Sulby Abbey was a Premonstratensian house in Northamptonshire, England, founded in 1155 as daughter house of the Abbey of St. Mary and St. Martial in Newsham. History The abbey of Sulby was founded about the year 1155 for canons of the Premonst ...

, England *

Titchfield Abbey Titchfield Abbey is a medieval abbey and later country house, located in the village of Titchfield near Fareham in Hampshire, England. The abbey was founded in 1222 for Premonstratensian canons, an austere order of priests. The abbey was a minor ...

, England *

Torre Abbey Torre Abbey is a historic building and art gallery in Torquay, Devon, which lies in the South West of England. It was founded in 1196 as a monastery for Premonstratensian canons, and is now the best-preserved medieval monastery in Devon and C ...

, England *

Tupholme Abbey Tupholme Abbey was a Premonstratensian abbey close to the River Witham some east of the city of Lincoln, England and one of nine such abbeys within the historical county. The Witham valley in Lincolnshire is notable for its high concentration ...

, England *

Welbeck Abbey Welbeck Abbey is an English country house near the village of Welbeck in the Bassetlaw District of Nottinghamshire. It was the site of a monastery belonging to the Premonstratensian order, and after the Dissolution of the Monasteries a residen ...

, England *

Wendling Abbey Wendling Abbey was monastic house in Norfolk, England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of island ...

, England * West Langdon Abbey, England * Dercongal Abbey, Scotland *

, Scotland *

, Scotland * Soulseat Abbey, Scotland *

, Scotland *

Talley Abbey Talley Abbey () is a ruined former monastery of the Premonstratensians ("White Canons") in the village of Talley in Carmarthenshire, Wales, six miles (10 km) north of the market town of Llandeilo. It lies in the River Cothi valley. Access ...

('Abaty Talyllychau'), Wales *St. Moses the Black, Jackson, Mississippi, USAEngland

Notable members

* Robert John Cornell (1919–2009), Democratic

U.S. Congressman The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Article One of th ...

from

Wisconsin Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...

from 1975 to 1979 and professor of

political science Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and Power (social and political), power, and the analysis of political activities, political philosophy, political thought, polit ...

at St. Norbert College *

Prokop Diviš Prokop Diviš Premonstratensian, O.Praem. (; 26 March 1698 – 21 December 1765) was a Czech people, Czech canon regular, theologian and natural scientist. In an attempt to prevent thunderstorms from occurring, he inadvertently constructe ...

(1698–1765), Czech inventor *

Jan Druys Jan Druys, Latinized Drusius (1568-1634) was a Norbertine canon regular from the Low Countries who became the 30th Abbot of Park Abbey in Heverlee just outside Leuven. Life Druys was born at Kumtich, near Tienen, in 1568. Edouard Van Even, "Dru ...

(1568-1635), Flemish canon regular and abbot * Juan de Galavís (1683–1739), Spanish archbishop in Latin America * Charles-Hyacinthe Hugo (1667–1739), French historian and bishop * Hermann Joseph (1150?–1241), German canon regular and mystic *

Johann Lohel Johann Lohelius (1549 – November 2, 1622), better known as Johann Lohel, was the archbishop of Prague from September 18, 1612, until his death. Early life Born in 1549 in a poor family, Johann was piously brought up. At fifteen he was engaged a ...

(1549–1622), Bohemian prior who later became archbishop of Prague * Werenfried van Straaten (1913–2003), Dutch priest and activist, known for his humanitarian work, particularly as founder of the international Catholic association

Aid to the Church in Need Aid to the Church in Need (, , ) is an international Catholic pastoral aid organization, which yearly offers financial support to more than 5,000 projects worldwide. Aid to the Church in Need's General Secretariat and Project Headquarters is in ...

Francis Wichmans Francis Wichmans (1596–1661), in religion Augustinus, was a Premonstratensian spiritual author, missionary, and abbot of Tongerlo Abbey. In the last capacity he sat in the First Estate of the States of Brabant. Life Wichmans was born in Antwerp ...

(1596–1661), Belgian abbot, scholar, and noted theologian of his day *

Johann Zahn Johann Zahn (29 March 1641, Karlstadt am Main – 27 June 1707) was the seventeenth-century Germany, German author of ''Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium'' (Würzburg, 1685). This work contains many descriptions and diagrams, ...

(1631–1707),

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the material accepted as officially written by an author or an ascribed author * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western canon, th ...

who wrote on the

camera obscura A camera obscura (; ) is the natural phenomenon in which the rays of light passing through a aperture, small hole into a dark space form an image where they strike a surface, resulting in an inverted (upside down) and reversed (left to right) ...

and who invented an early

camera A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. As a pivotal technology in the fields of photograp ...

Norbertine saints

Norbertines celebrate "all Norbertine Saints and Blesseds" on November 13. *Hermann Joseph von Steinfeld (feast day May 24) *Norbert (died 1134, feast day June 6) *Adrian and James of Middleburg, martyrs (died 1572, feast day July 9) *

Evermode of Ratzeburg Evermode, or Evermod (c. 1100 – 17 February 1178), was one of the first Premonstratensian canons regular, and became the lifelong companion of Norbert of Xanten, who founded the order in France in 1120. He is sometimes referred to as the " ...

(died 1178, feast day February 17) *

Frederick of Hallum Saint Frederick of Hallum ( West Frisian: Freark fan Hallum) (c. 1113 – 5 March 1175) was a Premonstratensian priest and regular canon, founder and first abbot of Mariengaarde Abbey in Friesland in the Netherlands. He was also the parish priest ...

(or of Mariengaarde) (died 1175, feast day February 4) *Gilbert of Neuffontaines (or of Cappenberg) (died 1152, feast day October 26) *Godfrey of Cappenberg (died 1127, feast day January 14) * Isfrid (Isfried) of Ratzeburg (died 1204, feast day June 15), *

Ludolph of Ratzeburg Ludolph of Ratzeburg was a Premonstratensian Bishop of Ratzeburg. Religious life In 1236, Ludolph was appointed to the see of the newly formed Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg The Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg () was an ecclesiastical principality ...

(died 1250, feast day April 16) *Siard of Mariengaarde (died 1230, feast day November 14)

Norbertine Blesseds

Norbertine Blesseds include: * Beatrice of Engelport (died 1275, feast day March 12/13) *

Bronislava of Poland Blessed Bronislava ( Polish: ''Bronisława''; ''c.'' 1204–1259) was a Polish nun of the Premonstratensian Order. She is beatified in the Roman Catholic Church. Early life Bronislava was born at Kamień, Włodawa County, in eastern Poland ...

(or of Zwierzniec) (died 1259, feast day August 30) *

Gerlach Gerlach is a male forename of Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages. Like many other early Germanic names, it is dithematic, consisting of two meaningful constituents put together. In this case, those ...

of Valkenburg (died 1172, feast day January 5) * Gertrude of Aldenberg (Altenburg), Abbess (died 1297, feast day August 13) * Hugh of Fosse (died 1164, feast day February 10) * Hroznata of Teplá (died 1217, feast day July 14) * Jakob Kern of Geras (died 1924, feast day October 20) * Oda of Bonne Rivreuille (died 1158, feast day April 20) * Peter-Adrian Toulorge of Blanchelande, Martyr (died 1793, feast day October 13) * Ricvera of Clastres (died 1136, feast day October 29)

Education

St. Norbert College in

, United States, is the only institution of higher education sponsored by the Order. Elsewhere they also sponsor/operate schools or serve in pastoral care capacities at parish schools. Schools founded or sponsored by the order include: *Abbot Pennings High School, De Pere, Wisconsin, US (merged to form Notre Dame Academy) *

Archmere Academy Archmere Academy is a private Catholic college preparatory school in Claymont, Delaware, United States. 514 students were enrolled for the 202021 academic year. The academy is co-educational and independent, though located within the Diocese of ...

Claymont, Delaware Claymont is a census-designated place (CDP) in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Claymont was 9,895. History The community now known as Claymont started on the banks of Naamans Creek where i ...

, US *Cardinal Gracias High School,

Bandra Bandra ( æːɳɖɾa is a coastal suburb located in Mumbai, the largest city of the Konkan division in Maharashtra, India. The area is located to the immediate north of the River Mithi, which separates Bandra from the Mumbai City district. It ...

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

, India * St. Michael's Preparatory School,

Silverado, California Silverado is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Silverado Canyon, which is located in the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County, California. Portions of the town sit on a former Mexican land grant Rancho Lo ...

, US * St. Norbert College,

Perth Perth () is the list of Australian capital cities, capital city of Western Australia. It is the list of cities in Australia by population, fourth-most-populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth . The ...

Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...

*Saint Norbert Gymnasium ( hu),

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

Controversies

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ( ; ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It has been #Descriptions, variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares Repub ...

's Historical Abuse Inquiry investigated reports that Brendan Smyth, a member of the Norbertine Order, was allowed to continue paedophilia for more than four decades, even after Smyth himself had admitted in 1994, the same year that he was jailed for his crimes, that "Over the years of religious life it could be that I have sexually abused between 50 and 100 children. That number could even be doubled or perhaps even more." Reviewers of the case agree that there was a deliberate plot to conceal Smyth's behaviour, incompetence by his superiors at Kilnacrott Abbey.

References

;Notes ;Bibliography *Wolfgang Grassl, ''Culture of Place: An Intellectual Profile of the Premonstratensian Order''. Nordhausen: Bautz, 2012.

External links

Premonstratensian Home PageSt Norbert College, Catholic Secondary School in the Norbertine Tradition)St. Norbert College - Private Catholic College (Norbertine Tradition)Archmere Academy - Catholic School in the Norbertine TraditionArchmere Alumni AssociationThe website for St. Michael's Abbey of the Norbertine Fathers in Silverado, CaliforniaThe website of the Norbertine Community of Our Lady of England Priory, Storrington, West Sussex, UKNorbertines of Chelmsford, UKCenter for Norbertine Studies, St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin
{{Authority control * 1120 establishments in Europe Religious organizations established in the 1120s Christian religious orders established in the 12th century

History

Canonesses

Premonstratensian Rite

Structure

Abbeys

Discontinued

Notable members

Norbertine saints

Norbertine Blesseds

Education

Controversies

See also

References

External links