There have been four railway accidents at

Potters Bar Potters Bar is a town in Hertfordshire, England,in the historic County of Middlesex Hertsmere Borough Council – Community Strategy First Review (PDF) north of central London. In 2011, it had a population of 21,882.England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...

. Those in

1898 Events January * January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queen ...

and

1946 1946 (Roman numerals, MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1946th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 946th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 20th centur ...

were signals passed at danger. The accident in

2002 The effects of the September 11 attacks of the previous year had a significant impact on the affairs of 2002. The war on terror was a major political focus. Without settled international law, several nations engaged in anti-terror operation ...

led to substantial public debate and a national change in policy relating to maintenance of infrastructure.

1898

On 19 March 1898, the 7:50 p.m train from Hatfield to King's Cross ran past the signals at danger when it reached Potters Bar. The train cut through the

catch points Catch points and trap points are types of railroad switch, points which act as railway safety devices. Both work by guiding railroad car, railway carriages and trucks from a dangerous route onto a separate, safer track. Catch points are used to d ...

and buffers and crashed onto the platform. The front part of the engine was smashed and the leading coach wrecked. No one was killed. The driver, fireman and guard narrowly escaped injury. Some passengers complained of being shaken but were able to go home.PBHistory.co.uk , Railway Crashes

1899

On 16 May 1899, the

Earl of Strafford Earl of Strafford is a title that has been created three times in English and British history. The first creation was in the Peerage of England in January 1640 for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, the 1st Viscount Wentworth, the clo ...

was killed at Potters Bar railway station when he was hit by an express train. Witnesses said that he appeared to step in front of the train from the bottom of the slope at the end of the platform; he was carried for 50 yards (46 m). The coroner's court investigated his medical conditions, as he was prone to

catalepsy Catalepsy (from Ancient Greek , , "seizing, grasping") is a neurological condition characterized by muscular rigidity and fixity of posture regardless of external stimuli, as well as decreased sensitivity to pain. Signs and symptoms Sympt ...

. The possibility of suicide was also considered. A finding of suicide would have had substantial social and legal implications. The jury returned a verdict that the death was due to misadventure.

1946

On 10 February 1946, a local passenger train travelling towards King's Cross hit buffers at Potters Bar station. Derailed carriages fouled the main lines. Two express trains travelling in opposite directions then hit the wreckage. Two passengers were killed and 17 injured were taken to hospital. The driver of the local train was found to have misidentified a poorly placed main-line signal as applying to his own line. It was thought probable that he had been misled by the signal applying to his line showing clear when he first saw it (though changing against him shortly afterwards). The signalman was found to have contributed to the accident by changing a set of points as the train passed over them.

2002

On 10 May 2002, a northbound train derailed at high speed, killing seven and injuring 76. Part of the train ended up wedged between the station platforms and building structures.

Event

A West Anglia Great Northern train service left King's Cross station at 12:45 heading for

King's Lynn King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is north-east of Peterborough, north-north-east of Cambridg ...

in Norfolk, via

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...

. At 12:55, travelling at , the four-coach Class 365

Electric multiple unit An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number o ...

(unit number: 365526) passed over a set of points "2182A" just south of Potters Bar station. The points moved under the train, causing the rear

bogie A bogie ( ) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more Wheelset (rail transport), wheelsets (two Railroad wheel, wheels on an axle), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes ...

of the third coachNational Archives: Coroners inquest into the Potters Bar Derailment, Tuesday 1 June
(Retrieved 30 May 2016) and the entire fourth carriage to derail. This caused the fourth coach to become detached and cross onto the adjacent line where it flipped into the air. The

momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (: momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. ...

threw the carriage into the station, where one end of the carriage struck Darkes Lane bridge

parapet A parapet is a barrier that is an upward extension of a wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. The word comes ultimately from the Italian ''parapetto'' (''parare'' 'to cover/defend' and ''petto'' 'chest/brea ...

, destroying the masonry and sending debris onto the road below. It then mounted the platform and slid along before coming to rest under the platform canopy at 45 degrees. The front three coaches remained on the tracks and came to a stop approximately north of the station due to an automatic application of the brakes. Six passengers travelling on board the train were killed, including the broadcaster Austen Kark (whose wife Nina Bawden was seriously injured) and the philosopher Jonael Schickler. A seventh person, Agnes Quinlivan, was killed by the masonry falling from the bridge over Darkes Lane.

Investigation

The

Health and Safety Executive The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is a British public body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare. It has additionally adopted a research role into occupational risks in Great B ...

(HSE) report released in May 2003 found that the points were poorly maintained and that this was the principal cause of the accident. The bolts that held the stretcher bars that maintain the distance between the two point blades had come loose or gone missing, causing the point blades to move apart when the train passed over them. The points had been fully inspected on 1 May by a team working for the private railway maintenance firm

Jarvis plc Jarvis plc () was a British company that specialised in construction and civil engineering, with a focus on support services to the Rail transport in Great Britain, British railway industry during its latter years of operations. It was establi ...

and there had been a further visual inspection on 9 May the day before the crash, with no problems reported. However, that evening, a West Anglia Great Northern station announcer was travelling on the down fast line and reported a "rough ride" at Potters Bar whilst going over that same place on the track, points "2182A". A

Railtrack Railtrack was a group of companies that owned the railroad, track, railway signalling, signalling, tunnels, bridges, level crossings and all but a handful of the railway station, stations of the Transport in England#Rail, British railway syste ...

engineering supervisor was sent to make an inspection, but due to an apparent misunderstanding by the King's Cross signal box staff, he was sent to the wrong line, the up fast line, to check the track and points and did not find the "loose nuts" that subsequently led to the accident. Initially after the accident, Jarvis claimed that the points' poor condition was due to

sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization (warfare), demoralization, destabilization, divide and rule, division, social disruption, disrupti ...

of some sort, and that its maintenance was not to blame. No solid evidence of any sabotage has ever come to light, and the HSE report found that other sets of points in the Potters Bar area showed similar, less-serious maintenance deficiencies and the poor state of maintenance "probably arose from a failure to understand fully the design and safety requirements". Further investigations by the HSE found that heavy and constant vibrations on the stretcher bars and their bolts caused them in turn to vibrate and oscillate until their nuts fell off the bolts. These have since been replaced by two-part locking nuts instead of the main nuts having half-size locking nuts to hold them in place. In November 2010, the

Office of Rail Regulation The Office of Rail and Road (ORR) is a non-ministerial government department responsible for the economic and safety regulation of Britain's railways, and the economic monitoring of National Highways. ORR regulates Network Rail by setting its a ...

said Network Rail and Jarvis Rail would be charged under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The case was heard at Watford Magistrates' Court in February 2011.

Aftermath

The tragedy sparked a debate about whether private maintenance firms were paying too little attention to training and safety. In 2003,

Network Rail Network Rail Limited is the owner (via its subsidiary Network Rail Infrastructure Limited, which was known as Railtrack plc before 2002) and railway infrastructure manager, infrastructure manager of most of the railway network in Great Britain. ...

announced it was taking all track maintenance in-house, ending the use of private contractors except for large-scale renewal or development projects. On 28 April 2004, Jarvis sent a letter to the victims' families, admitting liability for the accident. The company said that it would formally accept "legally justified claims" after making a financial provision of £3,000,000. In the letter Kevin Hyde, chief executive, wrote:

In the aftermath of the crash, when Jarvis was under great pressure to explain itself, we were drawn into a debate about the possible causes of the crash. On behalf of the company and my colleagues, I would like to apologise for the hurt and anger our actions in responding caused.

A circular memorial plate was erected on platform 3 of the station, dedicated to the seven fatalities of the Potters Bar crash. On 13 May 2011,

was fined £3 million for safety failings related to the crash.

List of people killed

Except for Agnes Quinlivan, a nearby pedestrian, all other fatalities were in the rear carriage of the train. * Austen Kark, 75 (husband of writer Nina Bawden, who was injured during the accident) * Emma Knights, 29 * Chia-hsin Lin, 29 * Prince Alexander Ogunwusi, 42 * Agnes Quinlivan, 80 (killed by falling masonry) * Jonael Schickler, 25 * Chia-Ching Wu, 30

Notes

References

External links

POTTERS BAR – 1946 TRAIN CRASH (Gaumont Newsreel)

POTTERS BAR – 1946 TRAIN CRASH (Pathe Newsreel)

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Guardian Unlimited Special Report

BBC News In Depth – Potters Bar Crash

Office of Rail Regulation, latest progress report

Official Archived Website of the 2002 Inquest
{{Railway accidents in the United Kingdom, 2000–present, state=collapsed Railway accidents and incidents in Hertfordshire History of Hertfordshire Railway accidents in 1898 Railway accidents in 1946 Railway accidents in 2002 2002 disasters in the United Kingdom 2002 in England 1946 in England Potters Bar Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger March 1898 in Europe February 1946 in the United Kingdom May 2002 in the United Kingdom Lists of railway accidents and incidents in England Rail accidents caused by a driver's error 1890s disasters in the United Kingdom 1946 disasters in the United Kingdom