Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used
nuclear materials such as
nuclear fuel
Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines. Heat is created when nuclear fuel undergoes nuclear fission.
Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile actinide elements that are capable of undergoing ...
. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use (and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident) can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core (or what is left of it) is normally subject to PIE in order to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the
ITU which is the
EU centre for the study of highly
radioactive materials.
Materials in a high radiation environment (such as a reactor) can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling and non-thermal creep. If there are nuclear reactions within the material (such as what happens in the fuel), the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time. These behaviors can lead to new material properties, cracking, and fission gas release:
Fission gas release
As the fuel is degraded or heated the more volatile fission products which are trapped within the
uranium dioxide may become free.
[J.Y. Colle, J.P. Hiernaut, D. Papaioannou, C. Ronchi, A. Sasahara, ''Journal of Nuclear Materials'', 2006, 348, 229.]
Fuel cracking
As the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim which may lead to cracking. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the centre to the edge in a star shaped pattern.
In order to better understand and control these changes in materials, these behaviors are studie
https://web.archive.org/web/20070710110024/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/114819.pdf
Due to the intensely radioactive nature of the used fuel this is done in a hot cell. A combination of nondestructive and destructive methods of PIE are common.
In addition to the effects of radiation and the fission products on materials, scientists also need to consider the temperature of materials in a reactor, and in particular, the fuel. Too high fuel temperatures can compromise the fuel, and therefore it is important to control the temperature in order to control the fission chain reaction.
The temperature of the fuel varies as a function of the distance from the centre to the rim. At distance x from the centre the temperature (Tx) is described by the equation
In mathematics, an equation is a formula that expresses the equality of two expressions, by connecting them with the equals sign . The word ''equation'' and its cognates in other languages may have subtly different meanings; for example, in ...
where ρ is the power density (W m−3) and Kf is the thermal conductivity.
:Tx = TRim + ρ (rpellet2 - x2) (4 Kf)−1
To explain this for a series of fuel pellets being used with a rim temperature of 200 °C (typical for a BWR
A boiling water reactor (BWR) is a type of light water nuclear reactor used for the generation of electrical power. It is a design different from a Soviet graphite-moderated RBMK. It is the second most common type of electricity-generating nuc ...
) with different diameters and power densities of 250 Wm−3 have been modeled using the above equation. Note that these fuel pellets are rather large; it is normal to use oxide pellets which are about 10 mm in diameter.
Further reading
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, G. Choppin, J-O Liljenzin and J. Rydberg, 3rd Ed, 2002, Butterworth-Heinemann,
References
External links
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) - Post Irradiation Examination Facilities Database
{{Nuclear Technology
Nuclear materials
Nuclear reprocessing
Nuclear technology
Nuclear chemistry
Radioactive waste
Actinides