Polygyridae is a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the superfamily

Helicoidea Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order (taxonomy), order Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2017 taxonomy and l ...

.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993919 on 2021-02-11 The Polygyridae make up a significant proportion of the land snail fauna of eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

, and are also found in western North America, northern

Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...

, and are present on some

Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...

islands. The definitive reference to the group is Henry Pilsbry's 1940 monograph. Pilsbry, Henry A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(2): 575-994.

Anatomy

This snail family is distinguished from other gastropods on the basis of several anatomical features: They have no dart apparatus (see

love dart A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcium carbonate, calcareous or chitinous Dart (missile), dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stor ...

), the muscles which allow the eyes and pharynx to be retracted are united into a single band, and the jaws are ribbed. In this family, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell (biology), cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for Autosome, autosomal and Pseudoautosomal region, pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the num ...

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

s lies between 26 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

According to the

Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and sl ...

this family consists of the following subfamilies and tribes: *Subfamily Polygyrinae

Pilsbry Henry Augustus Pilsbry (7 December 1862 – 26 October 1957) was an American biologist, malacologist and carcinologist, among other areas of study. He was a dominant presence in many fields of invertebrate taxonomy for the better part of a cent ...

, 1895 ** tribe Allogonini Emberton, 1995 ** tribe Ashmunellini Webb, 1954 ** tribe Polygyrini Pilsbry, 1895 ***subtribe Mesodontina Tryon, 1866 *** subtribe Polygyrina Pilsbry, 1895 *** subtribe Stenotrematina Emberton, 1995 *Subfamily Triodopsinae Pilsbry, 1940

Genera

This family is defined by an absent

diverticulum In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false. In medicine, t ...

and absent stimulatory organ. The two subfamilies, Polygyrinae and Triodopsinae, are distinguished on the basis of reproductive anatomy,
Polygyridae at ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System); accessed 18 Dec. 2007. as some species in the subfamily Polygyrinae show a penial appendage. This family is monophyly, monophyletic. Pilsbry uses the generic names ''

Allogona ''Allogona'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae Polygyridae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate ga ...

'', ''

Ashmunella ''Ashmunella'' is a genus of small, air-breathing, land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial mollusc ...

'', '' Giffordius'', ''

Mesodon ''Mesodon'' is a genus of land snails in the family Polygyridae. Species Species within the genus ''Mesodon'' include:ITIS''Mesodon'' accessed 1 November 2008. * '' Mesodon altivagus'' (Pilsbry, 1900) – wandering globe * '' Mesodon andrew ...

'', '' Polygyra'', '' Praticolella'', '' Stenotrema'', '' Trilobopsis'', ''

Triodopsis ''Triodopsis'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Polygyridae. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Triodopsis'': *'' Triodopsis alabamensis'' *'' Triodopsis a ...

'', and ''

Vespericola ''Vespericola'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae. Habitat These snails are found along the Pacific Coast of North America, from southern Alaska and British Columbia to Ca ...

''. The remaining names listed here have either been elevated from Pilsbry's subgenera since 1940, or newly created. Subfamily Polygyrinae: * '' Appalachina'' * '' Daedalochila'' * '' Euchemotrema'' * '' Fumonelix'' * '' Giffordius'' * '' Hochbergellus'' * '' Inflectarius'' * '' Linisa'' * '' Lobosculum'' * ''

'' * '' Millerelix'' * ''

Patera In the material culture of classical antiquity, a ''patera'' () or ''phiale'' ( ) is a shallow ceramic or metal libation bowl. It often has a bulbous indentation ('' omphalos'', "belly button") in the center underside to facilitate holding it, ...

'' * '' Polygyra'' * '' Praticolella'' * '' Stenotrema'' * '' Trilobopsis'' Shells of species within the Polygyrinae Image:PHiptAll2.jpg, '' Daedalochila hippocrepis'' Image:EuchemotremaFraternum1.jpg, '' Euchemotrema fraternum'' Image:LinisaTamaulipasensis.jpg, '' Linisa tamaulipasensis'' Image:LobosculumPustula1.jpg, '' Lobosculum pustula'' Image:MesodonClenchi1.jpg, '' Patera clenchi'' Image:PateraPerigraptus1.jpg, '' Patera perigrapta'' Image:PolygyraSeptemvolvaVolvoxis.jpg, '' Polygyra septemvolva volvoxis'' Image:PraticolellaBerlandieriana.jpg, '' Praticolella berlandieriana'' Image:StenotremaFlorida1.jpg, '' Stenotrema florida'' Image:TrilobopsisLoricata.jpg, '' Trilobopsis loricata'' Subfamily Triodopsinae: * ''

'' * ''

'' * '' Cryptomastix'' * '' Neohelix'' * ''

'' * ''

'' * '' Webbhelix'' * '' Xolotrema'' Shells of species within the Triodopsinae Image:AllogonaPtychophora1.jpg, '' Allogona ptychophora'' Image:AshLevAngAll.jpg, ''

Ashmunella levettei ''Ashmunella levettei'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Polygyridae. References

Polygyridae Gastropods described in 1882 {{Polygyridae-stub ...

angigyra'' Image:CryptomastixMullaniClappi.jpg, ''

Cryptomastix mullani ''Cryptomastix'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae. These snails cannot be differentiated from related polygyrids solely on the basis of their shell characters. Instead, t ...

clappi'' Image:TriodopsisHopetonensis.jpg, '' Triodopsis hopetonensis'' Image:VespericolaArmigera.jpg, '' Vespericola armigera'' Image:WebbxMultiAll.jpg, '' Webbhelix multilineata''

References

External links

* {{Authority control Taxa named by Henry Augustus Pilsbry Gastropod families