Polyacanthorhynchidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of parasitic worms from the (

phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclatu ...

Acanthocephala). It contains a single genus ''Polyacanthorhynchus''.

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic analysis has found that polyacanthocephala represents a distinct class of acanthocephalans.

Species

There are four species in the genus Polyacanthorhynchus . * ''Polyacanthorhynchus caballeroi'' Diaz-ungria and Rodrigo, 1960 The complete genome of the mitochondria has been determined. ''P. caballeroi'' infect South American caimans. * ''Polyacanthorhynchus echiyensis * ''Polyacanthorhynchus kenyensis'' Schmidt and Canaris, 1967 ''P. kenyensis'' has been found infecting three freshwater teleosts: the Blue spotted tilapia (''Oreochromis leucostictus''), the

Redbelly tilapia The redbelly tilapia (''Coptodon zillii'', syn. ''Tilapia zillii''), also known as the Zille's redbreast tilapia or St. Peter's fish (a name also used for other tilapia in Israel), is a species of fish in the cichlid family. This fish is found w ...

(''Tilapia zillii''), and the

Largemouth bass The largemouth bass (''Micropterus salmoides'') is a carnivorous freshwater gamefish in the Centrarchidae ( sunfish) family, a species of black bass native to the eastern and central United States, southeastern Canada and northern Mexico, b ...

(''Micropterus salmoidein'') in

Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha is a freshwater lake in Kenya, outside the town of Naivasha in Nakuru County, which lies north west of Nairobi. It is part of the Great Rift Valley. The name derives from the local Maasai name ''Nai'posha'', meaning "rough water ...

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. Samples were found in the

liver The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it ...

of ''Tilapia'' and ''Orechromis'' and free in the body cavity in ''Micropterus''Description of morphology available at: Amin, O. M., & Dezfuli, B. S. (1995). Taxonomic notes on Polyacanthorhynchus kenyensis (Acanthocephala: Polyacanthorhynchidae) from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. The Journal of parasitology, 76-79. Url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Omar_Amin/publication/15322210_Taxonomic_Notes_on_Polyacanthorhynchus_kenyensis_Acanthocephala_Polyacanthorhynchidae_from_Lake_Naivasha_Kenya/links/0046353b6ebbf25b21000000.pdf It is the newest * ''Polyacanthorhynchus macrorhynchus'' (Diesing, 1856) ''P. macrorhynchus'' infect South American caimans. * ''Polyacanthorhynchus nigerianus'' Echi, P. C., Suresh, K., Sanil, G., Iyaji, F. O., Nwani, C. D., & Ejere, V. C. (2015). Mitochondrial DNA resolution of two new sequences Polyacanthorhynchus echiyensis n. sp. and Polyacanthorhynchus nigerianus n. sp.(Polyacanthocephala: Acanthocephala) in a paratenic host from a tropical River. ''Environment Conservation Journal'', 16(1&2), 13–17.url=https://environcj.in/wp-content/uploads/issues/2015/12/13-17.pdf * ''Polyacanthorhynchus rhopalorhynchus'' (Diesing, 1851) Pirarucu collected in August 2004 from Araguaia River were found to have high prevalence values of P. rhopalorhynchus in their intestines. Cystacanths of ''P. rhopalorhynchus'' also have been found in the viscera of ''

Hoplias malabaricus ''Hoplias malabaricus'', also known as the wolf fish, tiger fish, guabine or trahira, is a predatory Central and South American freshwater ray-finned fish of the characiform family Erythrinidae. Description The maximum known length for this spe ...

'' from Moca Vie River, Las Palquitas,

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. Cystacanths were not deeply embedded in liver tissue but in a collagenous connective tissue capsule surrounded and attached to the liver surface. Necrosis of hepatocytes and subsequent inflammatory response were observed near encapsulated ''P. rhopalorhynchus''.OMAR M. AMIN, RICHARD A. HECKMANN,S VICTOR INCHAUSTY, AND RENE VASQUEZ. Immature Polyacanthorhynchus rhopalorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Polyacanthorhynchidae) in Venton, Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces) from Moca Vie River, Bolivia, with Notes on its Apical Organ and Histopathology. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 63(1), 1996, pp. 115–119 ''P. rhopalorhynchus'' infect South American caimans. Cyscanaths had: The number of proboscis hook rows was 16–18 posteriorly gradually decreasing in size. There are 8–10 circles of anterior cuticular trunk spines with about 34–40 minute spines each. Lemnisci not pronounced. Male cystacanths were 1.985–2.978 mm long by 397–662 wide significantly smaller than the size of adult males of 40–55 mm long. Females are larger with female cystacanths were 2.445–2.813 mm long by 430–496 wide significantly smaller than the size of adult males of 50–70 mm long. Male cystacanth proboscis (1.430–1.690 mm long by 169–208 wide) were smaller than female cystacanth proboscis (1.196–1.430 mm long by 169–208 wide). Male cystacanth proboscis receptacle (0.611–1.105 mm long by 130–195 wide) were also smaller than the female cystacanth proboscis receptacle (780–845 long by 156–195 wide).

Hosts

''Polyacanthorhynchus '' species parasitize fish and caimans. File:Oreochromis leucostictus Lake Malimbe.jpg, alt=Blue spotted tilapia held in hands, The Blue spotted tilapia is one of the hosts of ''P. kenyensis'' File:St. Peter's Fish.jpg, alt=Redbelly tilapia swimming in an aquarium, The

is one of the hosts of ''P. kenyensis'' File:1351 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) 300 dpi.jpg, alt=Largemouth bass underwater in a natural habitat, The

is one of the hosts of ''P. kenyensis'' File:Hoplias malabaricus1.jpg, alt=''Hoplias malabaricus'' displayed in a box, ''

'' is one of the hosts of ''P. rhopalorhynchus''

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18195576 Acanthocephala genera Acanthocephalans