''Polinices'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

predatory Predation is a biological interaction in which one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill ...

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the subfamily Polinicinae of the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Naticidae Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family (biology), family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family a ...

, commonly known as moon snails.Bouchet, P. (2011). Polinices Montfort, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=147109 on 2011-04-17Huelsken, T., Tapken, D., Dahlmann, T., Wägele, H., Riginos, C., Hollmann, M. (2012). Systematics and phylogenetic species delimitation within Polinices s.l. (Caenogastropoda: Naticidae) based on molecular data and shell morphology. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. DOI: 10.1007/s13127-012-0111-5
ODE homepage
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Species

Species within the genus ''Polinices'' include: * '' Polinices albumen'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

, 1758) * '' Polinices alveatus'' (Troschel, 1852) * '' Polinices amiculatus'' (Philippi, 1849) * '' Polinices aurantius'' (Röding, 1798) * '' Polinices bifasciatus'' (Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834) * '' Polinices candidissimus'' (Le Guillou, 1842) * † '' Polinices cerovaensis'' Harzhauser, 2011 * † '' Polinices chattonensis'' (Marwick, 1924) * '' Polinices citrinus'' (Philippi, 1851) * '' Polinices cleistopsila'' Barnard, 1963 * '' Polinices constanti'' Huelsken & Hollmann, 2012 * '' Polinices cora'' (d'Orbigny, 1840) * '' Polinices cumingianus'' (Récluz, 1844) * '' Polinices effusus'' (Swainson, 1840) * † '' Polinices fallai'' (Fletcher, 1938) * '' Polinices flemingianus'' (Recluz, 1844) * '' Polinices grunerianus'' (Philippi, 1852) * '' Polinices hacketti'' Marincovich, 1975 * '' Polinices hepaticus'' ( Röding, 1798) - brown moonsnail * † '' Polinices huttoni'' Ihering, 1907 * '' Polinices immaculatus'' (Totten, 1835) * '' Polinices intemeratus'' (Philippi, 1853) * † '' Polinices intracrassus'' Finlay, 1924 * '' Polinices jukesii'' (Reeve, 1855) * '' Polinices lacteus'' (Guilding, 1834) - milk moonsnail * † '' Polinices laxus'' (Finlay, 1926) * '' Polinices leptaleus'' Watson, 1881 * '' Polinices limi'' Pilsbry, 1931 * † '' Polinices lobatus'' (Marwick, 1924) * † '' Polinices mackayi'' Marwick, 1931 * '' Polinices mammilla'' (

, 1758) * '' Polinices mediopacificus'' Kosuge, 1979 * '' Polinices mellosus'' (Hedley, 1924) * † '' Polinices mucronatus'' (Marwick, 1924) * † '' Polinices oneroaensis'' Powell & Bartrum, 1929 * † '' Polinices otaioensis'' Marwick, 1960 * '' Polinices otis'' G.B. Broderip & Sowerby I, 1829 * '' Polinices paciae'' Bozzetti, 1997 * '' Polinices panamaensis'' (Récluz, 1844) * † '' Polinices parki'' Finlay & Marwick, 1937 * '' Polinices perspicuus'' (Récluz, 1850) * '' Polinices peselephanti'' (Link, 1807) * '' Polinices powisianus'' (Récluz, 1844) * † '' Polinices propeovatus'' (Marwick, 1924) * '' Polinices psilus'' (Watson, 1886) * '' Polinices putealis'' Garrard, 1961 * † '' Polinices redemptus'' (Michelotti, 1847) * '' Polinices sagamiensis'' Pilsbry, 1904 * † '' Polinices sagenus'' Suter, 1917 * '' Polinices tawhitirahia'' Powell, 1965 * '' Polinices uber'' (

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; ; or ; ) is a communes of France, commune in the Nord (French department), Nord Departments of France, department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced ...

, 1832) * '' Polinices uberinus'' (

d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropol ...

, 1842) - dwarf white moonsnail, white moonsnail * † '' Polinices unisulcatus'' (Marwick, 1924) * '' Polinices vavaosi'' (Reeve, 1855) * '' Polinices vestitus'' Kuroda, 1961 * † '' Polinices waipaensis'' (Marwick, 1924) * † '' Polinices waipipiensis'' (Marwick, 1924) ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Polinices agujanus'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Lunatia agujana'' (Dall, 1908) * ''Polinices albus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Polinices mammilla'' (

, 1758) * ''Polinices alderi'' (Forbes, 1838): synonym of '' Euspira pulchella'' (Risso, 1826) * ''Polinices aulacoglossa'' Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1909: synonym of '' Glossaulax aulacoglossa'' (Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1909) * ''Polinices bahamensis'' ( Dall, 1825): synonym of '' Sigatica semisulcata'' (Gray, 1839) * ''Polinices bathyraphe'' Pilsbry, 1911: synonym of '' Sigatica bathyraphe'' (Pilsbry, 1911) * ''Polinices blaesus'' Marwick, 1929 †: synonym of '' Polinella blaesa'' (Marwick, 1929) † * ''Polinices blaizensis'' Kilburn, 1976: synonym of '' Euspira blaizensis'' (Kilburn, 1976) (original combination) * ''Polinices caprae'' (Philippi, 1852): synonym of '' Mammilla caprae'' (Philippi, 1852) * ''Polinices columnaris'' (Récluz, 1850): synonym of ''Polinices peselephanti'' (Link, 1807) * ''Polinices conicus'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of '' Conuber conicum'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Polinices creper'' Marwick, 1965 †: synonym of '' Polinella creper'' (Marwick, 1965) † (original combination) * ''Polinices didyma'' (Röding, 1798): synonym of '' Neverita didyma'' (Röding, 1798) * ''Polinices draconis'' ( Dall, 1903): synonym of '' Glossaulax draconis'' (Dall, 1903) * ''Polinices dubius'' (Récluz, 1844): synonym of '' Polinices constanti'' Huelsken & Hollmann, 2012 * ''Polinices duplicatus'' ( Say, 1822): synonym of '' Neverita duplicata'' (Say, 1822) * ''Polinices ephebus'' Hedley, 1915: synonym of '' Glossaulax epheba'' (Hedley, 1915) * ''Polinices fibrosa'' (Souleyet, 1852): synonym of '' Mammilla fibrosa'' (Gray, 1850) * ''Polinices fringillus'' (Dall, 1881): synonym of '' Euspira fringilla'' (Dall, 1881) * ''Polinices fryei'' Laws, 1933 †: synonym of '' Polinella fryei'' (Laws, 1933) † (original combination) * ''Polinices fuscus'' (Blainville, 1825): synonym of '' Lunatia fusca'' (Blainville, 1825) * ''Polinices galapagosus'' (Récluz, 1844): synonym of ''Polinices otis'' (Broderip & G.B. Sowerby I, 1829) * ''Polinices gradisuturalis'' Marwick, 1932 †: synonym of '' Polinella gradisuturalis'' (Marwick, 1932) † * ''Polinices groenlandica'' ic synonym of ''Polinices groenlandicus'' (Møller, 1842): synonym of '' Euspira pallida'' (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829) (incorrect gender ending) * ''Polinices groenlandicus'' (Møller, 1842): synonym of '' Euspira pallida'' (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829) * ''Polinices grossularia'' Marche-Marchad, 1957: synonym of '' Lunatia grossularia'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * ''Polinices guilleminii'' (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of '' Euspira guilleminii'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * ''Polinices helicoides'' (Gray, 1825): synonym of '' Hypterita helicoides'' (Gray, 1825) * ''Polinices heros'' Say, 1822: synonym of '' Euspira heros'' (Say, 1822) * ''Polinices incei'' (Philippi, 1853): synonym of '' Conuber incei'' (Philippi, 1853) * ''Polinices kurodai'' Iw. Taki, 1944: synonym of '' Mammilla kurodai'' (Iw. Taki, 1944) * ''Polinices lewisii'': synonym of '' Euspira lewisii'' (Gould, 1847)WoRMS (2009). Euspira lewisii (Gould, 1847). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=246813 on 2010-08-05 * ''Polinices litorinus'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Lunatia litorina'' (Dall, 1908) * ''Polinices macilenta'' (Philippi, 1844): synonym of '' Lunatia macilenta'' (Philippi, 1844) * ''Polinices macrostoma'' (Philippi, 1852): synonym of '' Mammilla kurodai'' (Iw. Taki, 1944) * ''Polinices mamilla'' ic synonym of ''Polinices mammilla'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Polinices mammata'' ic synonym of ''Polinices mammatus'' (Röding, 1798): synonym of '' Mammilla mammata'' (Röding, 1798) (incorrect gender ending) * ''Polinices maurus'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of '' Mammilla maura'' (Lamarck, 1816) * ''Polinices melanostoma'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of '' Mammilla melanostoma'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Polinices motutaraensis'' Powell, 1935 †: synonym of '' Taniella motutaraensis'' (Powell, 1935) † * ''Polinices nanus'' Möller, 1842: synonym of '' Pseudopolinices nanus'' (Möller, 1842) * ''Polinices napus'' (E.A. Smith, 1904): synonym of '' Euspira napus'' (E.A. Smith, 1904) * ''Polinices nubilus'' ( Dall, 1889): synonym of '' Payraudeautia nubila'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Polinices obtusa'' (Jeffreys, 1885): synonym of '' Neverita obtusa'' (Jeffreys, 1885) * ''Polinices opaca'' ic synonym of ''Polinices opacus'' (Récluz, 1851): synonym of '' Mammilla melanostoma'' (Gmelin, 1791) (incorrect gender ending) * ''Polinices opacus'' (Récluz, 1851): synonym of '' Mammilla melanostoma'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Polinices pallidus'' (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829): synonym of '' Lunatia pallida'' (Broderip & G.B. Sowerby I, 1829) * ''Polinices pardoanus'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Lunatia pardoana'' (Dall, 1908) * ''Polinices parvulus'' Bozzetti, 2010: synonym of '' Notocochlis gualteriana'' (Récluz, 1844) * ''Polinices patagonicus'' (Philippi, 1845): synonym of '' Falsilunatia patagonica'' (Philippi, 1845) * ''Polinices pila'' Pilsbry, 1911: synonym of '' Lunatia pila'' (Pilsbry, 1911) * ''Polinices planispirus'' Suter, 1917 †: synonym of '' Magnatica planispira'' (Suter, 1917) † (original combination) * ''Polinices porcelanus'' (d'Orbigny, 1839): synonym of ''Polinices lacteus'' (Guilding, 1834) * ''Polinices presubplicata'' Bouchet & Warén, 1993: synonym of '' Euspira presubplicata'' (Bouchet & Warén, 1993) * ''Polinices priamus'' (Récluz, 1843): synonym of '' Mammilla priamus'' (Récluz, 1844) * ''Polinices pseudovitreus'' Finlay, 1924 †: synonym of '' Uberella pseudovitrea'' (Finlay, 1924) † * ''Polinices psila'' ic synonym of '' Polinices psilus'' (R. B. Watson, 1886) (incorrect gender ending) * ''Polinices pulchella'' (Risso, 1826): synonym of '' Euspira pulchella'' (Risso, 1826) * ''Polinices pyriformis'' (Récluz, 1844): synonym of ''Polinices mammilla'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Polinices rapulum'' (Reeve, 1855): synonym of ''Polinices intemeratus'' (Philippi, 1853) * ''Polinices ravidus'' (Souleyet, 1852): synonym of ''Polinices amiculatus'' (Philippi, 1849) * ''Polinices reclusianus'' (Deshayes, 1839): synonym of '' Glossaulax reclusiana'' (Deshayes, 1839) * ''Polinices recluzianus'' (Deshayes, 1839): synonym of '' Glossaulax reclusiana'' (Deshayes, 1839) * ''Polinices sandwichensis'' Dall, 1895: synonym of '' Natica sandwichensis'' (Dall, 1895) * ''Polinices sebae'' (Récluz, 1844): synonym of '' Mammilla sebae'' (Récluz, 1844) * ''Polinices simiae'' (Deshayes, 1838): synonym of '' Mammilla simiae'' (Deshayes, 1838) * ''Polinices sordidus'' (Swainson, 1821): synonym of '' Conuber sordidum'' (Swainson, 1821) * ''Polinices stanleyi'' Marwick, 1948 †: synonym of '' Polinices waipipiensis'' (Marwick, 1924) † (synonym) * ''Polinices subplicata'' (Jeffreys, 1885): synonym of '' Euspira subplicata'' (Jeffreys, 1885) * ''Polinices tawhitirahia'' Powell, 1965: synonym of ''Polinices mellosum'' (Hedley, 1924) * ''Polinices triseriata'' (Say, 1826): synonym of '' Lunatia triseriata'' (Say, 1826) * ''Polinices tumidus'' (Swainson, 1840): synonym of '' Polinices mammilla'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Polinices unimaculatus'' (Reeve, 1855): synonym of '' Polinices otis'' (Broderip & G.B. Sowerby I, 1829) * ''Polinices yokoyamai'' Kuroda & Habe, 1952: synonym of '' Euspira yokoyamai'' (Kuroda & Habe, 1952) * ''Polinices zanzibarica'' Recluz, 1844: synonym of '' Mammilla sebae'' (Récluz, 1844)

References

* * Powell A. W. B. (1979), ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand * Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). ''All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia''. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp * Torigoe K. & Inaba A. (2011) ''Revision on the classification of Recent Naticidae''. Bulletin of the Nishinomiya Shell Museum 7: 133 + 15 pp., 4 pls. * Ehrenberg, C. G. (1831). Symbolae physicae, seu, Icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum, quae ex itineribus per Libyam Aegyptum Nubiam Dongalam Syriam Arabiam et Habessiniam publico institutis sumptu Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg, Animalia evertebrata, Animalia Mollusca. Zoologica. II: unpaginated 6 pages plates 1-2. page(s): 46

External links

Montfort P. [Denys de]. (1808-1810). Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris: Schoell. Vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409

Herrmannsen, A. N. (1846-1852). Indicis Generum Malacozoorum primordia. Fischer, Cassel. Vol. 1: i-xxviii, 1-637 pp.

Röding, P.F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp.

Guilding L. (1834). Observations on Naticina and Dentalium, two genera of molluscous animals. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 17(1): 29-35

Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls

Huelsken T., Tapken D., Dahlmann T., Wägele H., Riginos C. & Hollmann M. (2012) Systematics and phylogenetic species delimitation within Polinices s.l. (Caenogastropoda: Naticidae) based on molecular data and shell morphology. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 12: 349-375.
{{Authority control Naticidae Extant Paleocene first appearances