Podiceps Subparvus

''Podiceps'' is a genus of birds in the grebe family. The genus name comes from Latin , "rear-end" and ', "foot", and is a reference to the placement of a grebe's legs towards the rear of its body.

It has representatives breeding in all continents except Antarctica. Some species are partially or entirely migratory, moving in winter to the coast or warmer climates. Most species are widespread and overall common, but three South American species each are restricted to a single country; two of them are seriously threatened and a third is already extinct.

They breed in vegetated areas of freshwater lakes, nesting on the water's edge, since their legs are set too far back for easy walking. Usually two eggs are laid, and the striped young may be carried on the adult's back. All the genus are excellent swimmers and divers, and pursue their fish prey underwater. Adults have striking breeding plumage, with no difference between the sexes. In winter, the plumage is subdued whites and greys.

Systematics

The genus ''Podiceps'' was erected by the English naturalist John Latham in 1787. The type species was subsequently designated as the great crested grebe (''Podiceps cristatus''). The genus name combines variants on the Latin , roughly meaning "rear-end", and ', meaning "foot".

The black-necked, Colombian, silvery, and Junin grebes are very closely related and were formerly sometimes separated as the genus ''Dyas''. The great grebe has also sometimes been separated as the sole member of the genus ''Podicephorus''; there is also genetic evidence that it is more closely related to the ''Aechmophorus'' grebes than it is to the rest of the genus ''Podiceps''.

The genus contains nine species:

The chicks of all ''Podiceps'' grebes (including ''P. major'', but not those of the related genus ''Aechmophorus'') have boldly striped heads, with alternating black and white stripes; they are often colloquially called "humbugs" from their resemblance to humbug sweets. They lose these markings as they mature during their first winter.

Fossils

One of the very oldest fossil grebes known to date actually belongs to this genus. Regarding grebes, the fossil record leaves much to be desired, being quite complete for the last 5 million years before present but very incomplete before the Pliocene'' Chandler, 1990 (Piacenzian stage of North America)
* †''Podiceps csarnotanus'' Kessler, 2009 (Piacenzian stage of Europe)
* †''Podiceps discors'' Murray, 1967 (Piacenzian stage of North America)
* †''Podiceps dixi'' Brodkorp, 1963 (Chibanian to the Tarantian stages of Florida, United States)
* †''Podiceps howardae'' Storer, 2001 (Zanclean age of North Carolina, United States)
* †''Podiceps miocenicus'' Kessler, 1984 (Tortonian age of Moldova)
* †''Podiceps oligoceanus'' (Shufeldt, 1915) (Aquitanian age of North America)
* †''Podiceps parvus'' (Shufeldt, 1913) (Gelasian to the Calabrian stages of North America)
* †''Podiceps pisanus'' (Shufeldt, 1913) (Piacenzian stage of Italy)
* †''Podiceps solidus'' Kuročkin, 1985 (Zanclean age of Western Mongolia)
* †'' Podiceps subparvus'' (Miller & Bowman, 1958)
*''Podiceps''? sp. (Late Pliocene of WC USA)
*''Podiceps'' sp. (Early Pleistocene of Dursunlu, Turkey)

Among the material assigned to ''P. parvus'' were bones of another species, which may or may not belong in this genus.

References

{{portalbar, Birds, Animals, Biology

Bird genera
Podicipedidae