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The Pleurobranchidae are a
taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. A ...
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
of
sea slug Sea slug is a common name for some marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial slugs. Most creatures known as sea slugs are gastropods, i.e. they are sea snails (marine gastropod mollusks) that over evolutionary ...
s,
marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...
gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha.


Characteristics

Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced or is lost completely in adults. Some adult species have been seen feeding on
ascidian Ascidiacea, commonly known as the ascidians, tunicates (in part), and sea squirts (in part), is a polyphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders. Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic ...
s.
Larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...
l pleurobranchids can be planktotrophic (feeding on
plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a cr ...
), lecithotrophic (deriving nutrition from
yolk Among animals which produce eggs, the yolk (; also known as the vitellus) is the nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo. Some types of egg contain no yolk, for example bec ...
), or direct developing. Like all Pleurobranchomorpha, they breathe through an external gill, located on the right side (contrary to
nudibranch Nudibranchs () are a group of soft-bodied marine gastropod molluscs which shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to mat ...
s who have it on the back), just after the genital organ. Many species produce secretions from their rich glandular mantle as a chemical defense against predators. Even the production of sulfuric acid has been reported.


Taxonomy

Until 2005, this family was placed in the suborder
Notaspidea Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, is an artificial grouping of sea slugs which is now split into two unrelated groups, the Umbraculida and the Pleurobranchomorpha. Taxonomic history Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, was ...
. However, in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Pleurobranchidae was placed in the superfamily Pleurobranchoidea, the only family belonging to the subclade Pleurobranchomorpha (sister to the subclade Nudibranchia), part of the clade
Nudipleura Nudipleura are a clade of sea snails and sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Nudipleura is arranged as follows: *Clade ...
.


Subfamily Pleurobranchinae

*'' Bathyberthella'' **'' Bathyberthella antarctica'' Willan and Bertsch, 1987 *'' Berthella''
de Blainville Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (; 12 September 1777 – 1 May 1850) was a French zoologist and anatomist. Life Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. As a young man he went to Paris to study art, but ultimately devoted himself to natura ...
, 1824
**'' Berthella africana'' Pruvot-Fol, 1953 **'' Berthella agassizi'' MacFarland, 1909 **'' Berthella americana'' A. E. Verrill, 1885 **'' Berthella aurantiaca'' Risso, 1818 **'' Berthella caledonica''
Dall Dall may refer to: People * Anders Bendssøn Dall (died 1607), Danish Lutheran bishop * Bobby Dall (born 1963), American musician * Caroline Healey Dall (1822–1912), American feminist writer *Clarrie Dall (1887–1953), Australian footballer * C ...
, 1900
**'' Berthella californica''
Dall Dall may refer to: People * Anders Bendssøn Dall (died 1607), Danish Lutheran bishop * Bobby Dall (born 1963), American musician * Caroline Healey Dall (1822–1912), American feminist writer *Clarrie Dall (1887–1953), Australian footballer * C ...
, 1900
California sidegill slug **'' Berthella canariensis'' Cervera, J.L., T.M. Gosliner, J.C. García-Gómez & J. Ortea, 2000 **'' Berthella elongata'' Cantraine, 1835 **'' Berthella martensi'' Pilsbry, 1896 **'' Berthella medietas'' R. Burn, 1962 **'' Berthella ocellata'' delle Chiaje, 1830 **'' Berthella ornata'' T.F. Cheeseman, 1878 **'' Berthella patagonica''
d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropol ...
, 1837
**'' Berthella platei'' Bergh, 1898 **''
Berthella plumula ''Berthella plumula'', commonly known as yellow-plumed sea slug, is a gastropod mollusc usually found on rocky coasts in the infralittoral zone and which can live up to 30m depth. Description ''Berthella plumula'' is an oval-shaped sea slug ...
'' Montagu, 1803 **''
Berthella sideralis ''Berthella'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthella'' are: ''Species inquirenda In biological classification, a ''species inquirenda'' is a species o ...
'' Lovén, 1846 **'' Berthella stellata'' Risso, 1826 **'' Berthella strongi'' MacFarland, 1966 **''
Berthella tamiu ''Berthella'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthella'' are: ''Species inquirenda In biological classification, a ''species inquirenda'' is a species o ...
'' Ev. Marcus, 1984 **'' Berthella tupala'' Er. Marcus, 1957 *'' Berthellina'' Gardiner, 1936 **'' Berthellina amarillus'' Mattox, 1953 **'' Berthellina americanus'' Verrill, 1885 **''
Berthellina circularis ''Berthellina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthellina'' are: * ''Berthellina barquini'' Ortea, 2014 * ''Berthellina circularis'' (Mörch, ...
'' Mörch, 1863 **'' Berthellina citrina'' Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 (synonym of ''Gymnotoplax citrina'' Er. Marcus, 1957 ) **''
Berthellina delicata ''Berthellina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthellina'' are: * '' Berthellina barquini'' Ortea, 2014 * ''Berthellina circularis'' (Mörch, 1863) * ''Be ...
'' W.H. Pease, 1861 **''
Berthellina edwardsii ''Berthellina edwardsii'' is a species of sea slug, a gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Description ''Berthellina edwardsii'' is a large sea slug, growi ...
'' Vayssière, 1897 **''
Berthellina engeli ''Berthellina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthellina'' are: * '' Berthellina barquini'' Ortea, 2014 * ''Berthellina circularis'' (Mörch, 1863) * ''Be ...
'' Gardiner, 1936 **'' Berthellina granulata'' (Krauss, 1848) **''
Berthellina ilisima ''Berthellina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthellina'' are: * '' Berthellina barquini'' Ortea, 2014 * ''Berthellina circularis'' (Mörch, 1863) * ''Be ...
'' Marcus, Er. & Ev. Marcus, 1967 **'' Berthellina quadridens'' Mörch, 1863 (junior synonym of ''Gymnotoplax quadridens'') Mörch, 1863. Contributions à la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises Journal de Conchyliologie 11 21-43. * '' Boreoberthella'' Martynov & Schrödl, 2009 *'' Bouvieria'' Vayssière, 1896 : synonym of ''Berthella'' Blainville, 1824 **'' Bouvieria auriantiaca'' Risso, 1813 **'' Bouvieria ocellata'' S. delle Chiaje, 1828 **'' Bouvieria perforata''
Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian col ...
, 1844
*'' Pleurehdera'' Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970 **'' Pleurehdera haraldi'' Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970 *''
Pleurobranchus ''Pleurobranchus'' is a genus of sea slugs, specifically side-gill slugs, marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae. They typically occur in intertidal and shallow subtidal waters of tropical and subtropical seas worldwide. ...
''
Cuvier Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (; 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in nat ...
, 1805
*'' Tomthompsonia'' **'' Tomthompsonia antarctica''
Thiele Thiele is a German-language surname. Geographical distribution As of 2014, 78.0% of all known bearers of the surname ''Thiele'' were residents of Germany, 10.9% of the United States, 2.3% of Australia, 2.0% of Brazil, 1.0% of Canada and 1.0% of Sou ...
, 1912
Image:Berthella ornata.JPG, '' Berthella ornata'' Image:Lemon pleurobranch DSC02038.JPG, '' Berthellina granulata'' Image:Pleurobranchus albiguttatus.jpg, ''
Pleurobranchus albiguttatus The mosaic pleurobranch, scientific name ''Pleurobranchus albiguttatus'', is a species of sea slug, a Notaspidea, sidegill slug, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae. Description The mosaic pleurobranch has a ...
''


References


External links

*
Richard C. Willan, Description of a New Pleurobranch (Opisthobranchia, Notaspidea) from Antarctic with a review of Notaspideans from South Polar Seas; The Veliger 29 (3), 1987 p. 292-302
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3167714 Taxa named by John Edward Gray