Planaxidae, commonly called planaxids or clusterwinks, are a

taxonomic 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of small and minute

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

pantropical A pantropical ("all tropics") distribution is one which covers tropical regions of both the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Examples of species include caecilians, modern sirenians and the plant genera ''Acacia'' and ''Bacopa''. ''Neotropical' ...

marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the superfamily

Cerithioidea The Cerithioidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of marine, brackish water and freshwater Gastropoda, gastropod containing more than 200 genera. The Cerithioidea are included unassigned in the subclass Caenogastropoda. The original name of this ...

. They live on rocky shores in the

littoral zone The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, the littoral zone includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely flood ...

of the tropics and subtropics.

Characteristics

Planaxids are known as clusterwinks because of their habit of clustering together in concealed, moist locations when the tide is out. They have conical shells resembling periwinkles, except for the wide, shallow anterior canals. They brood their

embryo An embryo ( ) is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sp ...

s in a chamber behind their heads, releasing them into the sea as

veliger A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs (clams) and tusk shells. Description The veliger is the characteristic larva of the gastropod, bivalve and scaphopod taxono ...

larvae to form part of the

plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that drift in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) but are unable to actively propel themselves against ocean current, currents (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are ca ...

Subfamilies

The following two

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zool ...

are recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): *Planaxinae Gray, 1850 *Fossarinae A. Adams, 1860 - previously in a family of its own, named Fossaridae

Genera

The family Planaxidae comprises the following genera:Houbrick R. S. (1987). "Anatomy, Reproductive Biology, and Phylogeny of the Planaxidae (Cerithiacea: Prosobranchia)". ''Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology'' 445. The following genera are recognised: Planaxinae * † '' Cabania'' Lozouet & Senut, 1985 * '' Fissilabia'' Macgillivray, 1836 * '' Halotapada'' Iredale, 1936 * ''

Hinea ''Hinea'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Planaxidae.Rosenberg, G. (2012). Hinea. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=598427 on 201 ...

'' Gray, 1847 * '' Holcostoma'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * † '' Leioplanaxis'' Lozouet & Maestrati, 1994 * † ''

Orthochilus ''Orthochilus'' is a genus of orchids that consists of at least 34 species, most of which are native to Africa and Madagascar with a few species in tropical and subtropical America. The genus was first formally described in 1850 by the French bot ...

'' Cossmann, 1889 * ''

Planaxis ''Planaxis'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Planaxidae. Species Species within the genus ''Planaxis'' include: * ''Planaxis savignyi'' Deshayes, 1844 * ''Planaxis sulcat ...

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1822 * '' Simulathena'' Houbrick, 1992 * '' Supplanaxis'' Thiele, 1929 ;Synonyms: * ''

Angiola ''Angiola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Planaxidae. This genus has become a synonym of'' Hinea'' Gray, 1847. Species Species within the genus ''Angiola'' include: * ''Angiola fasciata'' (Pease, 1868): sy ...

'' Dall, 1926: synonym of ''

'' Gray, 1847 * ''Leucostoma'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Fissilabia'' MacGillivray, 1836 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Leucostoma'' Meigen, 1803 iptera * ''Quoyia'' Gray, 1839: synonym of ''Fissilabia'' MacGillivray, 1836 Fossarinae * '' Anafossarus'' Iredale, 1936 * '' Chilkaia'' Preston, 1915 * '' Fossarus''

Philippi Philippi (; , ''Phílippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides (, ''Krēnĩdes'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colonists in 360/359 BC. The city was renamed by Phili ...

, 1841 * '' Larinopsis'' J. H. Gatliff & C. J. Gabriel, 1916 * † '' Medoriopsis'' Cossmann, 1888 * † '' Vouastia'' Raspail, 1909 ;Synonyms: * ''Fossar'' Gray, 1847: synonym of '' Fossarus'' Philippi, 1841 (invalid: unjustified emendation of ''Fossarus'') * ''Maravignia'' Aradas & Maggiore, 1844: synonym of ''Fossarus'' Philippi, 1841

References

* Strong E.E., Colgan D.J., Healy J.M., Lydeard C., Ponder W.F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011) ''Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithioidea using morphology and molecules''. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 43–89. * Bouchet P., Rocroi J.P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. & Strong E.E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1-2): 1–526.

External links

Gray, M. E., Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London. Vol. 4, iv + 219 pp. (August)

Houbrick R.S. 1987. ''Anatomy, Reproductive Biology, and Phylogeny of the Planaxidae (Cerithiacea: Prosobranchia)''. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 445: 1-57
* * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
GBIF
{{Authority control Gastropod families Taxa named by John Edward Gray Fauna of the Pantropical realm