Plan Of Tuxtepec
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In Mexican history, the Plan of Tuxtepec was a
plan A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with details of timing and resources, used to achieve an Goal, objective to do something. It is commonly understood as a modal logic, temporal set (mathematics), set of intended actions through wh ...
drafted by General
Porfirio Díaz José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (; ; 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a General (Mexico), Mexican general and politician who was the dictator of Mexico from 1876 until Mexican Revolution, his overthrow in 1911 seizing power in a Plan ...
in 1876 and proclaimed on 10 January 1876 in the Villa de Ojitlán municipality of San Lucas Ojitlán, Tuxtepec district,
Oaxaca Oaxaca, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of the Mexico, United Mexican States. It is divided into municipalities of Oaxaca, 570 munici ...
. It was signed by a group of military officers led by Colonel Hermenegildo Sarmiento and drafted by porfiristas Vicente Riva Palacio, Ireneo Paz, and Protasio Tagle on the instigation of Díaz. Díaz signed the previous version of the plan in December 1875, which did not include the three most important articles that appointed Diaz as president. It disavowed Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada as
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, while acknowledging the
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and the Reform laws, and proclaimed Díaz as the leader of the movement. Díaz later became the president of Mexico, ushering in a period known as the
Porfiriato The Porfiriato or Porfirismo (, ), coined by Mexican historian Daniel Cosío Villegas, is a term given to the period when General Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico under an Authoritarianism, authoritarian military dictatorship in the late 19th and e ...
.


History

Upon the death of President
Benito Juárez Benito Pablo Juárez García (; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican politician, military commander, and lawyer who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872. A Zapotec peoples, Zapotec, he w ...
in 1872, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, the President of the Supreme Court, assumed the interim presidency, and called for new elections. The two candidates registered were Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the
Battle of Puebla The Battle of Puebla (; ), also known as the Battle of May 5 () took place on 5 May 1862, near Puebla de los Ángeles, during the second French intervention in Mexico. French troops under the command of Charles de Lorencez repeatedly failed to s ...
of 5 May 1862, who had since occupied several public positions. Díaz had challenged Juárez with his Plan de la Noria, in which he stated his opposition to presidential re-election and called for a Constituent Congress. Lack of support for this plan led to Díaz losing the elections of 1872. Towards the end of his term, Lerdo de Tejada, who had already incorporated the Reform laws into the
Constitution of Mexico The current Constitution of Mexico, formally the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (), was drafted in Santiago de Querétaro, in the State of Querétaro, Mexico, by a constituent convention during the Mexican Revolution. I ...
, attempted to modify the constitution to enable his re-election, prompting Díaz to declare the Plan of Tuxtepec. On 21 March 1876, Díaz rebelled against President Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec proclaimed the "No Re-election" principle and emerged as the flag of General Porfirio Díaz. The plan had the support of General Donato Guerra, the head of the Mexican army, as well as other military chiefs who helped the movement in Jalisco on February 8, 1876. In the municipalities of
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,
Teocaltiche Teocaltiche ( "place near the temple") is a town and municipality in the central-western Mexican state of Jalisco. It is located in the northeastern highlands region of Jalisco, commonly referred to in Spanish as "Los Altos de Jalisco". The grassh ...
, Jalostotitlán and San Miguel El Alto, Generals Donato Guerra and Rosendo Márquez attacked the garrison of
San Juan de los Lagos San Juan de los Lagos (English language, English: John the Baptist, Saint John of the Lakes) is a city and municipalities of Mexico, municipality located in the northeast corner of the state of Jalisco, Mexico, in a region known as Los Altos (Jali ...
, which surrendered without a major fight. Other key figures were General Pedro Galván and Florentino Cuervo, who captured Ameca. Colonel Félix Vélez Galván took up arms in Sayula, Jalisco on 12 February.


Aftermath

On 20 May 1876 in Icamole, Nuevo León, General Carlos Fuero, loyal to the government of Lerdo de Tejada, inflicted a heavy defeat on Díaz's rebels, who were forced to withdraw to the south of the Republic. Despite this defeat, Díaz continued his campaign against the ''lerdistas''. On October 26, the Congress affirmed the re-election of Lerdo de Tejada, but the president of the Supreme Court of Justice,
José María Iglesias José María Juan Nepomuceno Crisóforo Iglesias Inzáurraga (5 January 1823 – 17 December 1891) was a Mexican lawyer, professor, journalist and liberal politician. He is known as author of the Iglesias law, an anticlerical law regulating e ...
, declared it illegal. In his role as vice-president, Iglesias pursued the interim presidency. By this failure Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada was forced to leave power. On 16 November 1876, Díaz faced General Ignacio R. Alatorre in the Battle of Tecoac, in the municipality of
Huamantla Huamantla () is a small city in Huamantla Municipality, the municipality of the same name in the eastern half of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. The area has a long indigenous history, but the city itself was not founded until the early colonial per ...
,
Tlaxcala Tlaxcala, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala, is one of the 32 federal entities that comprise the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Tlaxcala, 60 municipalities and t ...
. Both sides came close to winning the battle, but the arrival of ''porfirista'' reinforcements under the command of General Manuel González Flores, caused a decisive victory for Díaz's troops. Following a series of further battles, supporters of the Plan of Tuxtepec claimed victory, and Lerdo de Tejada had no choice but to surrender the presidency and Díaz entered Puebla in November. As a result of the plan's victory Supreme Court President
José María Iglesias José María Juan Nepomuceno Crisóforo Iglesias Inzáurraga (5 January 1823 – 17 December 1891) was a Mexican lawyer, professor, journalist and liberal politician. He is known as author of the Iglesias law, an anticlerical law regulating e ...
was appointed interim president until new elections could be held in
Mexico City Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
. As the only candidate, General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on 12 May 1877. In 1878, supported by the Plan of Tuxtepec, Díaz made two key reforms to the Constitution. The first was to remove the function of vice-president from the president of the Supreme Court of Justice. The second prohibited re-election, with a short statement that said: "Except after a period of four years", with which he started his long dictatorship and the period of ''
Porfiriato The Porfiriato or Porfirismo (, ), coined by Mexican historian Daniel Cosío Villegas, is a term given to the period when General Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico under an Authoritarianism, authoritarian military dictatorship in the late 19th and e ...
''.


Articles

* Art. 1. - The supreme laws of the Republic are: the
Constitution of 1857 The Political Constitution of the Mexican Republic of 1857 (), often called simply the Constitution of 1857, was the Liberalism in Mexico, liberal constitution promulgated in 1857 by Constituent Congress of Mexico during the presidency of Ignacio ...
, the Reform Laws enacted on 25 September 1873 and the Act of December 14 of 1874. * Art. 2. - Prohibition of re-election of the President and state governors has the same validity as the supreme laws. * Art. 3. – Don
Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada Sebastian may refer to: People and fictional characters * Sebastian (name), including a list of persons and fictional characters with the name * Saint Sebastian, a Christian saint martyred in the 3rd century * Sebastian of Portugal (1554–157 ...
is disavowed as president of the Republic, as well as all officials and employees of his government. * Art. 4. - The governments of all states will be recognized if they adhere to this plan. If they do not, the head of the army of each state will be recognized as governor. * Art. 5. - There will be elections for the Supreme Powers of the Union, two months after the occupation of the capital of the republic, and without reconvening. Congress elections shall be held in accordance with the laws of 12 February 1857 and 23 October 1872, with the first taking place on the first Sunday two months after the occupation of the capital. * Art. 6.- The Executive Power will settle, while the elections are carried out, in the city which obtains the majority of votes from States Governors, and will not have any more attributions than merely administrative ones. * Art. 7.- The 8th Constituent Congress will be assembled; its first works will be: reform of Article 2 of the constitutional, which guarantees the independence of the municipalities, and a law giving political organization to the Federal District and territory of California. * Art. 8 – All that directly or indirectly work towards the maintenance of the Government of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada are responsible, guilty and morality, effective from the moment in which the guilty are situated in power of anyone force belonging to the regenerator army. * Art. 9 – Generals, chiefs and officials who support the present plan by choice will be recognized in their assignments, rank and decorations. * Art. 10 – Porfirio Díaz will be recognized as general in chief of the army. * Art. 11 – Opportunely the general will be named, whose chief will enjoy extraordinary powers in administration and war. * Art. 12 – It will not be possible to enter agreements with the enemy for any reason, under pain of death.


References


External links

* Red escolar
"Plan de Tuxtepec"
''Porfiriato'', Accessed November 14, 2007. * MSN Encarta

''Porfiriato'', Accessed November 14, 2007.


Further reading

* * * {{cite book , author=Jimenez Moreno, Wigberto. , year=1983, title=Historia de México. , location=México , publisher=E.C.L.A.L.S.A Tuxtepec 1876 in Mexico 1876 documents January 1876