The Pitheciidae () are one of the five
families of
New World monkey
New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboid ...
s now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family
Atelidae
The Atelidae are one of the five family (biology), families of New World monkeys now recognised. It was formerly included in the family Cebidae. Atelids are generally larger monkeys; the family includes the howler monkey, howler, spider monkey, ...
. The family includes the
titi
The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: ''Cheracebus'', ''Callicebus'', and ''Plecturocebus.'' This subfamily also contains the extinct genera ''Miocallicebus, Homuncu ...
s,
saki monkey
Sakis, or saki monkeys, are any of several New World monkeys of the genus ''Pithecia''. They are closely related to the bearded sakis of genus ''Chiropotes''.
Range
Sakis' range includes northern and central South America, extending from the s ...
s and
uakaris. Most species are native to the
Amazon region
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...
of
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, with some being found from
Colombia in the north to
Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
in the south.
Characteristics
Pithecids are small to medium-sized
monkey
Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, which constitutes an incom ...
s, ranging from 23 cm in head-body length for the smaller titis, to 44–49 cm for the uakaris. They have medium to long fur, in a wide range of colors, often with contrasting patches, especially on the face.
They are
diurnal and
arboreal
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose num ...
animals, found in tropical forests from low-lying swamp to mountain slopes. They are predominantly
herbivorous
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...
, eating mostly fruit and seeds, although some species will also eat a small number of insects. Sakis and uakaris have a
diastema
A diastema (plural diastemata, from Greek διάστημα, space) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. More colloquially, the condition ...
between the
canine
Canine may refer to:
Zoology and anatomy
* a dog-like Canid animal in the subfamily Caninae
** '' Canis'', a genus including dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackals
** Dog, the domestic dog
* Canine tooth, in mammalian oral anatomy
People with the ...
and
premolar
The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth ...
teeth, but the titis, which have unusually small canines for New World monkeys, do not.
All species have the
dental formula
Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, kind, and number of teeth in a given species at a given age. That is, the number, type, and morpho-physiolog ...
:
Females give birth to a single young after a
gestation
Gestation is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo, and later fetus, inside viviparous animals (the embryo develops within the parent). It is typical for mammals, but also occurs for some non-mammals. Mammals during preg ...
period of between four and six months, depending on species. The uakaris and bearded sakis are
polygamous
Crimes
Polygamy (from Late Greek (') "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. When a woman is married ...
, living in groups of 8-30 individuals. Each group has multiple males, which establish a dominance hierarchy amongst themselves. The titis and ''Pithecia'' sakis, by contrast, are
monogamous
Monogamy ( ) is a form of dyadic relationship in which an individual has only one partner during their lifetime. Alternately, only one partner at any one time ( serial monogamy) — as compared to the various forms of non-monogamy (e.g., polyg ...
and live in much smaller family groups.
[
]
Classification
There are 54 currently recognized extant
Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to:
* Extant hereditary titles
* Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English
* Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...
species of pithecid monkey, grouped into two subfamilies
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
and six genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...
.[The Paleobiology Database Pitheciidae entry](_blank)
accessed on 6 April 2010Callicebinae
The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: ''Cheracebus'', ''Callicebus'', and ''Plecturocebus.'' This subfamily also contains the extinct genera ''Miocallicebus, Homunc ...
, titis
*** Genus ''Plecturocebus
''Plecturocebus'' is one of three genera of titi monkeys.
Historically, these monkeys were monogeneric, being placed in a single genus: '' Callicebus'' Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-lev ...
''
**** White-eared titi
The white-eared titi monkey (''Plecturocebus donacophilus'') also known as the Bolivian titi or Bolivian gray titi, is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from eastern Bolivia and an area of western Brazil. The species has a r ...
, ''Plecturocebus donacophilus''
**** Rio Beni titi
Rio Beni titi monkey (''Plecturocebus modestus'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, ...
, ''Plecturocebus modestus''
**** Rio Mayo titi
The Rio Mayo titi monkey (''Plecturocebus oenanthe'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Peru. The Rio Mayo titi, was thought previously to have a small range of origin in the Alto Mayo valley, but research has pr ...
, ''Plecturocebus oenanthe''
**** Ollala brothers's titi, ''Plecturocebus olallae''
**** White-coated titi
The white-coated titi monkey (''Plecturocebus pallescens'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, ...
, ''Plecturocebus pallescens''
****Urubamba brown titi
The Urubamba brown titi monkey (''Plecturocebus urubambensis'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Peru.
Taxonomy
Populations in this species were formerly classified within the brown titi (''P. brunneus''), bu ...
, ''Plecturocebus urubambensis''
**** Baptista Lake titi, ''Plecturocebus baptista''
**** Prince Bernhard's titi, ''Plecturocebus bernhardi''
**** Brown titi
The brown titi monkey (''Plecturocebus brunneus'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is endemic to Brazil. It was originally described as ''Callicebus brunneus'' in 1842 and transferred to the newly e ...
, ''Plecturocebus brunneus''
****Parecis titi
The Parecis titi monkey (''Plecturocebus parecis'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil.
Taxonomy
This species was first discovered to Western science in 1914, where it was documented on the Parecis Plat ...
, ''Plecturocebus parecis''
**** Ashy black titi, ''Plecturocebus cinerascens''
**** Hoffmanns's titi
Hoffmanns's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus hoffmannsi'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country i ...
, ''Plecturocebus hoffmannsi''
**** Red-bellied titi, ''Plecturocebus moloch''
**** Vieira's titi
Vieira's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus vieirai'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, from central-northern Brazil.
Taxonomy
Vieira's titi belongs to the New World monkey family Pitheciidae, which contains the titis (''Callicebus''), ...
, ''Plecturocebus vieirai''
**** Milton's titi
Milton's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus miltoni'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from southern Amazon rainforest, Brazil. It was named after the Brazilian primatologist Milton Thiago de Mello. Milton's titi was discove ...
, ''Plecturocebus miltoni''
**** Chestnut-bellied titi
The chestnut-bellied titi monkey (''Plecturocebus caligatus'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest c ...
, ''Plecturocebus caligatus''
**** Coppery titi, ''Plecturocebus cupreus''
**** Toppin's titi, ''Plecturocebus toppini''
**** Madidi titi, ''Plecturocebus aureipalatii''
**** Caquetá titi Caquetá may refer to:
* Caquetá River, a river in Colombia
* Caquetá Territory, a former territory of Colombia
* Caquetá Department
Caquetá Department () is a department of Colombia. Located in the Amazonas region, Caquetá borders wi ...
, ''Plecturocebus caquetensis''
**** White-tailed titi
The white-tailed titi monkey (''Plecturocebus discolor'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat ...
, ''Plecturocebus discolor''
**** Hershkovitz's titi, ''Plecturocebus dubius''
**** Ornate titi
The ornate titi monkey (''Plecturocebus ornatus'') is a species of titi monkey and is the smallest member of the family Pitheciidae, which also includes uakaris and saki monkeys. As it is a member of this family, it is classified as a type of New ...
, ''Plecturocebus ornatus''
**** Stephen Nash's titi, ''Plecturocebus stephennashi''
**** Alta Floresta titi
The Alta Floresta titi monkey (''Plecturocebus grovesi''), also known as the Groves' titi monkey, is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil. It was described from the municipality of Alta Floresta in the state of ...
, ''Plecturocebus grovesi''
*** Genus ''Callicebus
''Callicebus'' is a genus of monkeys known as titi monkeys.
Historically, titis were monogeneric, comprising only the genus ''Callicebus'' Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-level taxonomy wa ...
''
**** Barbara Brown's titi, ''Callicebus barbarabrownae''
**** Coimbra Filho's titi, ''Callicebus coimbrai''
**** Coastal black-handed titi, ''Callicebus melanochir''
**** Black-fronted titi
The black-fronted titi monkey (''Callicebus nigrifrons'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey.
The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrate ...
, ''Callicebus nigrifrons''
**** Atlantic titi, ''Callicebus personatus''
***Genus †''Miocallicebus
''Miocallicebus'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene ( Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 mya). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group ...
''
****†''Miocallicebus villaviejai
''Miocallicebus'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 mya (unit), mya). Its remains have been found at the Lagerstätte, Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Ven ...
''
*** Genus ''Cheracebus
''Cheracebus'' is one of three genera of titi monkeys. Monkeys in this genus, particularly the type species '' Cheracebus lugens'', are sometimes referred to as widow titi monkeys.
Historically, titis were monogeneric, comprising only the genus ...
''
**** Lucifer titi, ''Cheracebus lucifer''
**** Black titi, ''Cheracebus lugens''
**** Colombian black-handed titi
The Colombian black-handed titi monkey (''Cheracebus medemi'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Colombia. It was originally described in the genus ''Callicebus'' in 1963.
Description
Colombian black-handed titis sar ...
, ''Cheracebus medemi''
**** Red-headed titi
The red-headed titi monkey (''Cheracebus regulus'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both So ...
, ''Cheracebus regulus''
**** Collared titi, ''Cheracebus torquatus''
***Genus †'' Carlocebus''
****†'' Carlocebus carmenensis''
****†'' Carlocebus intermedius''
***Genus †''Homunculus
A homunculus ( , , ; "little person") is a representation of a small human being, originally depicted as small statues made out of clay. Popularized in sixteenth-century alchemy and nineteenth-century fiction, it has historically referred to the ...
''
****†'' Homunculus patagonicus''
** Subfamily Pitheciinae
Pitheciinae is a subfamily of the New World monkey family Pitheciidae. It contains three genera and 14 species. Pitheciines are forest dwellers from northern and central South America, east of the Andes.
They are small to medium-sized primates, ...
*** Genus '' Cacajao'', uakaris
**** Black-headed uakari, ''Cacajao melanocephalus''
**** Bald uakari
The bald uakari (''Cacajao calvus'') or bald-headed uakari is a small New World monkey characterized by a very short tail; bright, crimson face; a bald head; and long coat. The bald uakari is restricted to várzea forests and other wooded habita ...
, ''Cacajao calvus''
**** Aracá uakari, ''Cacajao ayresiiBlack bearded saki
The black bearded saki (''Chiropotes satanas'') is a species of New World monkey, native to the Amazon rainforest of South America, specifically to an area of north-eastern Brazil. It is one of five species of bearded saki. Bearded sakis are ...
, ''Chiropotes satanas''
**** Red-backed bearded saki
The red-backed bearded sakiBonvicino, C. R., Boubli, J. P., Otazú, I. B., Almeida, F. C., Nascimento, F. F., Coura, J. R. and Seuánez, H. N. (2003). ''Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pithec ...
, ''Chiropotes chiropotes''
**** Brown-backed bearded saki
The brown-backed bearded saki (''Chiropotes israelita'') is one of five species of bearded saki, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to the Amazon in north-western Brazil (north of the Rio Negro and west of the Branco River) and southern V ...
, ''Chiropotes israelita''
**** Uta Hick's bearded saki, ''Chiropotes utahickae''
**** White-nosed saki, ''Chiropotes albinasus''
***Genus †''Nuciruptor
''Nuciruptor'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Col ...
''
****†''Nuciruptor rubricae''
***Genus †'' Mazzonicebus''
****†''Mazzonicebus almendrae''
*** Genus '' Pithecia'', sakis
**** Equatorial saki
The equatorial saki (''Pithecia aequatorialis''), also called the red-bearded saki, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in northeastern Peru and Ecuador.
Not much is known about the equatorial saki, its range bei ...
, ''Pithecia aequatorialis''
**** White-footed saki or buffy saki, ''Pithecia albicans''
**** Cazuza's saki, ''Pithecia cazuzai''
**** Golden-faced saki, ''Pithecia chrysocephala''
**** Hairy saki, ''Pithecia hirsuta''
**** Burnished saki
The burnished saki (''Pithecia inusta'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in central Peru and a small portion of adjacent Brazil.
Taxonomy
It was described in 1823 by Johann Baptist von Spix, but was later m ...
, ''Pithecia inusta''
**** Rio Tapajós saki
The Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki (''Pithecia irrorata'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in parts of western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, southeastern Peru and possibly nor ...
or Gray's bald-faced saki
''Gray's Anatomy'' is a reference book of human anatomy written by Henry Gray, illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter, and first published in London in 1858. It has gone through multiple revised editions and the current edition, the 42nd (Octobe ...
, ''Pithecia irrorata''
**** Isabel's saki
Isabel's saki (''Pithecia isabela'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to a small portion of northern Peru.
Taxonomy
Populations in this species were formerly classified within the monk saki (''P. monachus'' ...
, ''Pithecia isabela''
**** Monk saki, ''Pithecia monachus''
**** Miller's saki, ''Pithecia milleri''
**** Mittermeier's Tapajós saki
Mittermeier's Tapajós saki (''Pithecia mittermeieri'') is a disputed species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to west-central Brazil.
Taxonomy
Populations in this species were formerly classified within the Rio Tapaj� ...
, ''Pithecia mittermeieri'' (disputed)Napo saki
The Napo saki (''Pithecia napensis''), also known as the Napo monk saki, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. Its range includes parts of eastern Ecuador and northern Peru. The name is derived from the Napo River in its locali ...
, ''Pithecia napensis''
**** Pissinatti's saki, ''Pithecia pissinattii'' (disputed)Vanzolini's bald-faced saki
Vanzolini's bald-faced saki (''Pithecia vanzolinii'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. Its range is in western Brazil. The monkey is named after Brazilian zoologist Paulo Vanzolini. This species was originally described by ...
, ''Pithecia vanzolinii''
***Genus †'' Proteropithecia''
****†''Proteropithecia neuquenensis''
***Genus †'' Soriacebus''
****†''Soriacebus ameghinorum''
****†''Soriacebus adrianae''
***†Genus ''Xenothrix''
****† Jamaican monkey, ''Xenothrix mcgregori''
***†Genus '' Antillothrix''
****†Hispaniolan monkey, ''Antillothrix bernensis''
***†Genus '' Insulacebus''
****†''Insulacebus toussentiana''
*Newly described species.[
]
References
External links
New monkeys in Brazil
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10860343
New World monkeys
Extant Miocene first appearances
Primate families
Taxa named by St. George Jackson Mivart
Taxa described in 1865