Pierre Charles Nora (; 17 November 1931 – 2 June 2025) was a French historian elected to the

Académie Française An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

on 7 June 2001. As editor at

Éditions Gallimard Éditions Gallimard (), formerly Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française (1911–1919) and Librairie Gallimard (1919–1961), is one of the leading French book publishers. In 2003, it and its subsidiaries published 1,418 titles. Founded by G ...

, he established the ''Library of Social Sciences'' in 1966 and the ''Library of Histories'' in 1970. He was director of studies at the

School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (, EHESS) is a graduate ''grande école'' and '' grand établissement'' in Paris focused on academic research in the social sciences. The school awards Master and PhD degrees alone and conjo ...

from 1977 for four decades. Nora is known for having directed , four volumes focused on places and objects of remembrance which incarnate the

national memory National memory is a form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture. It is an integral part to national identity. It represents one specific form of cultural memory, which makes an essential contribution to national group c ...

of the French, writing a new history ().

Early life and education

Nora was born in Paris on 17 November 1931, the youngest son of four children – the others were Simon, Jean and Jacqueline – born to Gaston Nora, a prominent Parisian urologist, and his wife, Julie Lehman. During the

war War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organi ...

, he became acquainted with intellectuals Jean Prévost and Jean Beaufret, who was to become a major figure in the introduction of

Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; 26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. His work covers a range of topics including metaphysics, art, and language. In April ...

's philosophy to France. In the 1950s, together with

Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...

, he took hypokhâgne and khâgne at the

Lycée Louis-le-Grand The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (), also referred to simply as Louis-le-Grand or by its acronym LLG, is a public Lycée (French secondary school, also known as sixth form college) located on Rue Saint-Jacques (Paris), rue Saint-Jacques in central Par ...

but, contrary to popular belief, he thrice failed to be accepted at the

École Normale Supérieure École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by Secondary education in France, secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing i ...

. This setback, which he shared with his school-mate

Pierre Vidal-Naquet Pierre Emmanuel Vidal-Naquet (; 23 July 193029 July 2006) was a French historian who began teaching at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in 1969. Vidal-Naquet was a specialist in the study of Ancient Greece, but was als ...

, was one which Nora came to regard as a stroke of luck, particularly in terms of the example set by another friend, Jean-François Revel, since it made him believe he was led to live a far more interesting life than would otherwise have been the case, contrasting his own situation with that of Gérard Granel. Around this time, the poet René Char came to play an important role in his formation. Through him Nora met his first love, Madagascan Marthe Cazal (1907–1983), a major model for the figure of Justine in

Lawrence Durrell Lawrence George Durrell (; 27 February 1912 – 7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer. He was the eldest brother of naturalist and writer Gerald Durrell. Born in India to British colonial pa ...

's '' The Alexandria Quartet''. Thereafter, he obtained a (equivalent to the Bachelor of Arts) degree in philosophy. He passed the in 1958.

Career

Nora taught at the Lycée Lamoricière d'

Oran Oran () is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after the capital, Algiers, because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is w ...

in Algeria from 1958 until 1960. He wrote a book about his experiences, published under the title ("The French of Algeria") (1961). In 1962, when the Évian peace treaty was signed – later confirmed by a subsequent referendum – which ended the

Algerian War The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence) ''; '' (and sometimes in Algeria as the ''War of 1 November'') was an armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (Algeri ...

, a ceasefire came into effect. Nora, despite not knowing a word of

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

was asked to travel there and both look into the situation of

Algerian Jews The history of Jews in Algeria goes back to Antiquity, although it is not possible to trace with any certainty the time and circumstances of the arrival of the first Jews in what is now Algeria. In any case, several waves of immigration helpe ...

and secure their archives for repatriation. He met Ben Bella who, embracing him, asked Nora to sit by his side as his motorcade drove into Algiers the following day. Ben Bella was under the impression that Nora, whose account of Algeria he had read with admiration while in prison, was a member of the local Algerian Jewish community. During the same May week, he was stopped with several others by a group of insurgents and stood against a wall for execution, a fate avoided by the timely intervention of the local police. From 1961 to 1963, he was a resident at the

Fondation Dosne-Thiers The Fondation Dosne-Thiers is a history library located in the 9th arrondissement of Paris at 27, place St-Georges, Paris, France. It is open to researchers who obtain recommendations from a member of the Institut de France. Description The foun ...

. From 1965 to 1977 he was first assistant and then lecturer at the (Paris Institute of Political Science). From 1977 he was the director of studies at the (School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences), holding the post for four decades. In 2014, Nora received the Dan David Prize for his contribution to "History and Memory."

Publishing

Concurrently, Nora had pursued an important career in publishing. He joined Éditions Julliard in 1964, where he created the ''Archives'' paperback collection. In 1965 he joined

: the publishing house, which already had a good market share in literature, wanted to develop its

social science Social science (often rendered in the plural as the social sciences) is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among members within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the ...

s sector. It was Pierre Nora who achieved this mission by creating two important collections, the ''Library of social sciences'' in 1966 and the ''Library of histories'' in 1970, as well as the collection in 1967. At Éditions Gallimard, under Nora's direction many major works of scholarship were published that became landmarks in their respective fields, such as books by

Raymond Aron Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; ; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his ...

Michel Foucault Paul-Michel Foucault ( , ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French History of ideas, historian of ideas and Philosophy, philosopher who was also an author, Literary criticism, literary critic, Activism, political activist, and teacher. Fo ...

, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Georges Duby,

Georges Dumézil Georges Edmond Raoul Dumézil (4 March 189811 October 1986) was a French Philology, philologist, Linguistics, linguist, and religious studies scholar who specialized in comparative linguistics and comparative mythology, mythology. He was a prof ...

François Furet François Furet (; 27 March 1927 – 12 July 1997) was a French historian and president of the Saint-Simon Foundation, best known for his books on the French Revolution. From 1985 to 1997, Furet was a professor of French history at the University ...

and,

Jacques Le Goff Jacques Le Goff (; 1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and prolific author specializing in the Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries. Le Goff championed the Annales School movement, which emphasizes long-term ...

, and translations of books by

Elias Canetti Elias Canetti (; 25 July 1905 – 14 August 1994; ; ) was a German-language writer, known as a Literary modernism, modernist novelist, playwright, memoirist, and nonfiction writer. Born in Ruse, Bulgaria, to a Sephardi Jews, Sephardic Jewish fam ...

Ernst Kantorowicz Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book '' Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite'' on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and '' The K ...

and Thomas Nipperdey. This important role gave to Nora a certain power in French publishing and he was also the object of criticism. He declined to translate

Eric Hobsbawm Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm (; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British historian of the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism and nationalism. His best-known works include his tetralogy about what he called the "long 19th century" (''Th ...

's work, '' The Age of Extremes'' (1994). Nora admired the book, admitted its high quality but after a long delay, turned it down, telling Hobsbawm that the high costs of translation would make its sale price prohibitive, and the French left itself, given the times, would be hostile. A further reason, Nora mentioned to a third party, was that the

Shoah The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...

by then had moved to the centre of cultural memory and the word

Auschwitz Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...

only appeared once in Hobsbawm's book. Publicly, he stated in 1997 that his rejection stemmed from the author's "attachment to the revolutionary cause". Nora explained that context of hostility towards Communism in France was not appropriate to that type of publication, that all the editors, "like it or not, had an obligation to take account of the intellectual and ideological situation in which they had written their works".

Intellectual life

In May 1980, Nora founded at Gallimard the review with philosopher Marcel Gauchet; this quickly became one of the major French intellectual reviews. In 1983, French historian Jacques Julliard judged Nora to be the natural heir to the role played by

..{{efn, He presides over the eponymous Association. This law, at line 2 of article 4, was abrogated on 15 February 2006, establishing that research programmes must be accorded more importance in lieu of French overseas presence and that the programmes of study came to recognize the positive role. - bring back only with a ref --> Nora was well known for having directed {{lang, fr, Les Lieux de Mémoire, three volumes which gave as their point the work of enumerating the places and the objects in which are the incarnate

of the French.{{sfn, Kendall, 2025 Nora's book {{lang, fr, Les Français d'Algérie ("The French of Algeria") (1961) has received scholarly criticism for its alleged bias against French Algerians ( "Pieds-Noirs") – a prejudice held by many French intellectuals of the time. Nora posited that the French Algerians (or settlers) were different from the French of the Metropol. His opinions were developed from his two years as a high school teacher in Algiers. "The French of Algeria" is described as synthesizing "a self-righteous anti-pied noir discourse".{{sfn, Shepard, 2008, pp=195–204 "The French of Algiers" is often cited as a scholarly work, though some dissent. David Prochaska, American historian of French Algeria argues that it is in fact "not based on original research and is devoid of the usual scholarly apparatus".{{sfn, Shepard, 2008, p=196{{sfn, Prochaska, 2002, p=6

Personal life

Nora was the brother of Simon Nora, a senior French administrative professional. He was the uncle of Olivier Nora, the president and publisher of the French publishing house Editions Grasset. He was married to art historian and curator Françoise Cachin from 1964 to 1976{{sfn, Kendall, 2025{{sfn, Noce, 2011, and had a 40-year relationship with

Gabrielle van Zuylen Baroness Gabriëlle Andrée van Zuylen van Nyevelt van de Haar (née Iglesias Velayos y Taliaferro; 9 July 1933 – 3 July 2010) was a French landscape architect, garden designer, Garden writing, garden writer and a member of the International Be ...

,{{sfn, Kendall, 2025{{sfn, Nora, 2021, p=86 who died in 2010. After 2012, he lived with French journalist and TV anchor Anne Sinclair, ex-wife of journalist Ivan Levaï and of former politician Dominique Strauss-Kahn.{{sfn, Montefiori, 2021{{sfn, Terrade, 2021 He had a son, now a biologist in

San Francisco San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...

,{{sfn, Kendall, 2025 by a third companion.{{sfn, Birnbaum, 2021{{sfn, Nora, 2021, p=130 Nora was an

Ashkenazi Ashkenazi Jews ( ; also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim) form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora, that Ethnogenesis, emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium Common era, CE. They traditionally spe ...

Jew.{{efn, The name ''Nora'' is an

anadrome An anadrome, also known as an Emordnilap or a Semordnilap is a word or phrase whose letters can be reversed to spell a different word or phrase. For example, ''desserts'' is an anadrome of ''stressed''. An anadrome is therefore a special type of ...

reversing the order of letters of '' Aron'', a form which conserves, while dissimulating, the Jewish name and yet retains a meaning – {{lang, he, נורא (redoubtable, awesome). The change occurred when Moise Aron (1749–1813) complied with a Napoleonic decree that required names to be registered. These Arons were one of 4 families in Hellimer whose residence in

Alsace Alsace (, ; ) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in the Grand Est administrative region of northeastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland. In January 2021, it had a population of 1,9 ...

had been confirmed by the authorization of

Stanisław Leszczyński Stanisław I Leszczyński (Stanisław Bogusław; 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766), also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, was twice King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and at various times Prince of Deux-Ponts, Duk ...

in the early 18th century.{{sfn, Nora, 2021, pp=125–126{{sfn, Faustini, 2004, pp=268–270 {{efn, As a child, he was drilled to recite his Jewish prayers, such as the '' Sh'ma Israël'' by the family governess and nursemaid, a practicing Breton Catholic spinster.{{sfn, Nora, 2021, pp=45–46, 90–91 In 2001, on the occasion of his induction into the

Académie française An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

in the wake of the death of the novelist Michel Droit, he had his ceremonial sword inscribed with the

Star of David The Star of David (, , ) is a symbol generally recognized as representing both Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles. A derivation of the Seal of Solomon was used for decora ...

to attest to his feeling that 'the Jewish contribution to the world belongs to things of the mind more than to weaponry. Because I shall consider myself Jewish as long as somewhere a Jew is threatened because of his identity.'{{sfn, Nora, Rémond, 2002 Nora died in Paris on 2 June 2025, aged 93.{{sfn, Académie française, 2025{{sfn, Kendall, 2025{{sfn, Flandrin, 2025

Honours and awards

Honours

* Grand Officer of the

Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...

{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * Grand Cross of the

National Order of Merit (France) National Order of Merit may refer to: * National Order of Merit (Algeria) * National Order of Merit (Bhutan) * National Order of Merit (Brazil) * National Order of Merit (Ecuador) * Ordre national du Mérite (France) * National Order of Merit ...

{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * Commander of the

Ordre des Arts et des Lettres The Order of Arts and Letters () is an order of France established on 2 May 1957 by the Minister of Culture. Its supplementary status to the was confirmed by President Charles de Gaulle in 1963. Its purpose is the recognition of significant ...

{{sfn, Académie française, 2025

Awards

* 1988: ''Prix Diderot-Universalis''{{sfn, Radio France, 2025{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 1991: Louise-Weiss Award of the

Bibliothèque nationale de France The (; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites, ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository of all that is published in France. Some of its extensive collections, including bo ...

{{sfn, Radio France, 2025{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 1993: Grand prix Gobert of the

{{sfn, Radio France, 2025{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 1993: French Grand National History Prize.{{sfn, Radio France, 2025{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 2012: ''Prix Montaigne de Bordeaux''{{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 2014: Dan David Prize{{sfn, Dan David, 2023

Honorary degrees

* 1989:

Université Laval (; English: ''Laval University)'' is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institutio ...

{{sfn, Radio France, 2025

Bibliography

Nora's works include: * 1961: {{lang, fr, Les Français d'Algérie, prefaced by Charles-André Julien (Julliard, {{ISBN, 978-2-267-02423-4).{{sfn, Académie française, 2025{{sfn, Nonnenmacher, 2025 * 1970–1979: {{lang, fr, Vincent Auriol. Journal du Septennat 1947–1954 (Armand Colin, {{OL, 21089114M){{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 1973: {{lang, fr, Faire de l'histoire (Gallimard, {{ISBN, 9782070290062){{sfn, Académie française, 2025{{sfn, Dan David, 2023 * 1987: {{lang, fr, Essais d'ego-histoire (Gallimard, {{ISBN, 9782220065120){{sfn, Académie française, 2025 * 1984–1992: {{lang, fr, Les Lieux de mémoire (Gallimard), abridged translation, ''Realms of Memory'', Columbia University Press, 1996–1998 ({{ISBN, 9780231084048){{sfn, Académie française, 2025{{sfn, Dan David, 2023{{sfn, Nonnenmacher, 2025 * 1999: ''Rethinking France: Les Lieux de mémoire, Volume 1: The State'' (University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN, 9780226591322, {{OL, 9305448M) * 2006: ''Rethinking France: Les Lieux de mémoire, Volume 2: Space'' (University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN, 9780226591339, {{OL, 9706730M) * 2009: ''Rethinking France: Les Lieux de mémoire, Volume 3: Legacies'' (University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN, 9780226591346, {{OL, 28425293M) * 2010: ''Rethinking France: Les Lieux de mémoire, Volume 4: Histories and Memories'' (University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN, 9780226591353, {{OL, 28425294M)Rethinking France / Histories and Memories
University of Chicago Press

Notes

{{Notelist

Citations

{{Reflist, 20em

Cited sources

{{refbegin, 35em *{{Cite news, title = Pierre Nora, enfin père. L'historien signe " Jeunesse ", un essai autobiographique , last = Birnbaum , first = Jean , author-link = Jean Birnbaum , newspaper =

Le Monde (; ) is a mass media in France, French daily afternoon list of newspapers in France, newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average print circulation, circulation of 480,000 copies per issue in 2022, including ...

, department = Le Monde des Livres , language = fr , url = https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2021/03/21/pierre-nora-enfin-pere-l-historien-signe-jeunesse-un-essai-autobiographique_6073926_3260.html , date = 21 March 2021 *{{Cite book, title = Pierre Nora, homo historicus , last = Dosse , first = François , year = 2011 , publisher = Librairie Académique Perrin , isbn = 978-2-262-03379-8 *{{Cite book, title = Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History , last = Evans , first = Richard J. , year = 2019 , publisher =

Hachette UK Hachette Livre S.A. (; simply known as Hachette) is a French publishing group that was based in Paris. It was founded in 1826 by Louis Hachette as Brédif which later became successively L. Hachette et Compagnie, Librairie Hachette, Hachette ...

, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KElrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT418 , isbn = 978-1-408-70742-5 *{{Cite book, title = La communauté juive de Hellimer: documents 1700-1850 , last = Faustini , first = Pascal , year = 2004 , publisher = Thionville , language = fr *{{Cite news, title = Pierre Nora, historian who shaped intellectual life in France, dies at 93 , url = https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2025/06/03/pierre-nora-historian-who-shaped-intellectual-life-in-france-dies-at-93_6741970_15.html , last = Flandrin , first = Antoine , date = 3 June 2025 , newspaper =

, access-date = 8 June 2025 *{{Cite news, title = Dan David Foundation Announces Winners of Prizes , last = Gravé-Lazi , first = Lidar , newspaper =

The Jerusalem Post ''The Jerusalem Post'' is an English language, English-language Israeli broadsheet newspaper based in Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 1932 during the Mandate for Palestine, British Mandate of Mandatory Palestine, Palestine by Gershon Agron as ''Th ...

, url = https://www.jpost.com/national-news/dan-david-foundation-announces-winners-of-prize-341108 , date = 11 February 2014 *{{Cite news, title = Er prägte unser Denken von Paris aus , last = Hanimann , first = Joseph , newspaper = FAZ , url = https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/zum-tod-des-historikers-und-verlagslektors-pierre-nora-110515151.html , date = 3 June 2025 , language = de , access-date = 8 June 2025 *{{Cite news, title = Building a Collective Consciousness on a National Scale , last = Ivry , first = Benjamin , magazine =

The Forward ''The Forward'' (), formerly known as ''The Jewish Daily Forward'', is an American news media organization for a Jewish American audience. Founded in 1897 as a Yiddish-language daily socialist newspaper, ''The New York Times'' reported that Set ...

, url = https://forward.com/culture/138461/building-a-collective-consciousness-on-a-national/ , date = 8 June 2011 *{{Cite news, title = Pierre Nora, 93, Who Probed Role of Memory in the Writing of History, Dies , last = Kendall , first = Jonathan , newspaper =

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

, url = https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/03/books/pierre-nora-dead.html , date = 3 June 2025 , access-date = 5 June 2025 *{{Cite news, title = Parigi, le confessioni di Anne Sinclair: "Ero sottomessa a Strauss Khan" , last = Montefiori , first = Stefano , newspaper =

Corriere della Sera (; ) is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average circulation of 246,278 copies in May 2023. First published on 5 March 1876, is one of Italy's oldest newspapers and is Italy's most read newspaper. Its masthead has remain ...

, language = it , url = https://www.corriere.it/esteri/21_maggio_26/parigi-confessioni-anne-sinclair-ero-sottomessa-strauss-khan-8286dec8-be62-11eb-a5e7-170774e96424.shtml , date = 26 May 2021 *{{Cite news, title = Françoise Cachin, en pointillé , last = Noce , first = Vincent , newspaper =

Libération (), popularly known as ''Libé'' (), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968 in France, May 1968. Initially positioned on the far left of Fr ...

, language = fr , url = https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2011/02/07/francoise-cachin-en-pointille_712899/ , date = 7 February 2011 *{{Cite news, title = Zum Gedächtnis: Pierre Nora (1931–2025) , last = Nonnenmacher , first = Kai , website = rentree.de , language = de , url = https://rentree.de/2025/06/03/zum-gedaechtnis-pierre-nora-1931-2025/ , date = 3 June 2025 , access-date = 5 June 2025 *{{Cite journal , title = Traduire: nécessité et difficultés , last = Nora , first = Pierre , journal = Le Débat , date = January–February 1997 , volume = 93 , issue = 93 , pages = 93–95 , doi = 10.3917/deba.093.0093 , language = fr , url = https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-debat-1997-1-page-93.htm , url-access = subscription *{{Cite book, title = Jeunesse , last = Nora , first = Pierre , year = 2021 , publisher =

, language = fr , isbn = 978-2-072-93867-2 *{{Cite book, title = Discours de réception à l'Académie française et réponse de René Rémond , last1 = Nora , first1 = Pierre , last2 = Rémond , first2 = René , author2-link = René Rémond , year = 2002 , publisher =

, language = fr , isbn = 978-2-070-76745-8 *{{Cite book, title = Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bône, 1870 – 1920 , last = Prochaska , first = David , year = 2002 , orig-year = First published 1990 , publisher =

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...

, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aB2FdDy8xjEC&pg=PA6 , isbn = 978-0-521-53128-3 *{{Cite book, title = The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France , last = Shepard , first = Todd , year = 2008 , publisher =

Cornell University Press The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University, an Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York. It is currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage. It was first established in 1869, maki ...

, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16bzFl12fYMC&pg=PA197 , isbn = 978-0-801-47454-5 *{{Cite journal , title = Remembered Realms: Pierre Nora and French National Memory , last = Tai , first = Hue-Tam Ho , journal =

The American Historical Review ''The American Historical Review'' is a quarterly academic history journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association, for which it is an official publication. It targets readers interested in all period ...

, date = June 2001 , volume = 106 , issue = 3 , pages = 906–922 , doi = 10.2307/2692331 , jstor = 2692331 *{{Cite news, title = " Un être rare ": Anne Sinclair déclare sa flamme à Pierre Nora, son nouveau compagnon , last = Terrade , first = Xavier , magazine =

Gala Gala may refer to: Music * ''Gala'' (album), a 1990 album by the English alternative rock band Lush * Gala (singer), Italian singer and songwriter *'' Gala – The Collection'', a 2016 album by Sarah Brightman * GALA Choruses, an association of ...

, language = fr , url = https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/un-etre-rare-anne-sinclair-declare-sa-flamme-a-pierre-nora-son-nouveau-compagnon_469781 , date = 31 May 2021 *{{Cite web, title = Pierre Nora , work =

, language = fr , url = https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/pierre-nora , date = 2025 , ref = {{sfnref, Académie française, 2025 *{{Cite web, title = Pierre Nora , work = Dan David Prize , url = https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/pierre-nora/?_gl=1*1yog6sn*_up*MQ..*_ga*ODQ2MjQyNTMxLjE3NDkxMjA4NjM.*_ga_HDFXWCWZEM*czE3NDkxMjM5ODMkbzIkZzEkdDE3NDkxMjQwODMkajI0JGwwJGgw , date = 2025 , ref = {{sfnref, Dan David, 2023 *{{Cite web, title = Pierre Nora , work = La Procure , language = fr , url = https://www.laprocure.com/post/5584/pierre-nora?srsltid=AfmBOorSueMzKA2pj0NexO3hr6tMpYCEC8F6hGP5umlWtFjMH_RuIOmd , date = 2025 , ref = {{sfnref, Procure, 2025 *{{Cite web, title = Pierre Nora , work =

Radio France Radio France () is the French national public radio broadcaster. Stations Radio France offers seven national networks: *France Inter — Radio France's "generalist media, generalist" station, featuring entertaining and informative talk mixed wi ...

, language = fr , url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/affinites-electives/pierre-nora-9370679 , date = 2025 , ref = {{sfnref, Radio France, 2025 {{refend

External links

* {{IMDb name, 2816910 * {{In lang, fr, cap=yes}
Catalogue of the Collection Archives of Gallimard Julliard
(founded by Pierre Nora in 1964; {{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419211622/http://collectif-smolny.org/article.php3?id_article=777 , date=19 April 2013 ) {{Annales School {{Académie française Seat 27 {{AcademieFrancaiseCurrentMembers {{Authority control {{DEFAULTSORT:Nora, Pierre 1931 births 2025 deaths 20th-century French historians 20th-century French Jews Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres French male non-fiction writers Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour Jewish historians Lycée Carnot alumni Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni Members of the Académie Française Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite Writers from Paris