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Physical metallurgy is one of the two main branches of the scientific approach to
Timeline:
* 1831 – Pavel Petrovich Anosov looks at metals in a microscope.
* 1841 – Anosov finds the secret to Damascus steel.
* 1868 – Dmitry Chernov founds physical metallurgy. He identifies the critical points of steel.
* 1875 – William Chandler Roberts-Austen provides the diagram Ag-Cu.
* 1878 – Adolf Martens describes relations between microstructure and physical properties, specially the role of kinks, defects and crystallization.
* 1887 – Henry Clifton Sorby determines the pearlite structure.
* 1887 – Floris Osmond gives the name and symbols associated to the phases of steel.
* 1896 – First attempt at the Fe-C diagram of steel by Albert Sauveur.
* 1897 – Roberts-Austen provides the complete Fe-C diagram. He also described the high temperature phase of steel ( austenite).
* 1900 – Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom publishes the Fe Fe3C diagram taking into accounts Gibbs phase rule.
* 1906 – Alfred Wilm discovers age hardening by accident.
* 1919 – Gustav Heinrich Tammann predicts the order-disorder transition of alloys at low temperature
* 1922 – and Robert P. Fragman showed that the γ phase of steel is face-centered cubic (fcc), while the α, β and δ phases are body centered cubic.
* 1923 – Edgar Bain discovers superlattices
* 1926 – Bain describes the atomistic formation of
MIT Ocw
(
A series of Lectures
by Prof. "Harry" Harshad Bhadeshia,
Additional teaching materials
by Prof. "Harry" Harshad Bhadeshia,
metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys.
Metallurgy encompasses both the ...
, which considers in a systematic way the physical properties of metal
A metal () is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electrical resistivity and conductivity, electricity and thermal conductivity, heat relatively well. These properties are all associated wit ...
s and alloy
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which in most cases at least one is a metal, metallic element, although it is also sometimes used for mixtures of elements; herein only metallic alloys are described. Metallic alloys often have prop ...
s. It is basically the fundamentals and applications of the theory of phase transformations in metal and alloys. While chemical metallurgy involves the domain of reduction/oxidation of metals, physical metallurgy deals mainly with mechanical and magnetic/electric/thermal properties of metals – as described by solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state phy ...
.
Early history
Timeline:
* 1831 – Pavel Petrovich Anosov looks at metals in a microscope.
* 1841 – Anosov finds the secret to Damascus steel.
* 1868 – Dmitry Chernov founds physical metallurgy. He identifies the critical points of steel.
* 1875 – William Chandler Roberts-Austen provides the diagram Ag-Cu.
* 1878 – Adolf Martens describes relations between microstructure and physical properties, specially the role of kinks, defects and crystallization.
* 1887 – Henry Clifton Sorby determines the pearlite structure.
* 1887 – Floris Osmond gives the name and symbols associated to the phases of steel.
* 1896 – First attempt at the Fe-C diagram of steel by Albert Sauveur.
* 1897 – Roberts-Austen provides the complete Fe-C diagram. He also described the high temperature phase of steel ( austenite).
* 1900 – Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom publishes the Fe Fe3C diagram taking into accounts Gibbs phase rule.
* 1906 – Alfred Wilm discovers age hardening by accident.
* 1919 – Gustav Heinrich Tammann predicts the order-disorder transition of alloys at low temperature
* 1922 – and Robert P. Fragman showed that the γ phase of steel is face-centered cubic (fcc), while the α, β and δ phases are body centered cubic.
* 1923 – Edgar Bain discovers superlattices
* 1926 – Bain describes the atomistic formation of martensite
Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure. It is named after German metallurgist Adolf Martens. By analogy the term can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation.
Properties
Mar ...
.
* 1930 – Georgy Kurdyumov and George Sachs reveal the orientation of martensite and austenite, now named the Kurdyumov–Sachs orientation.
* 1947 – Ernest Kirkendall experiment reveals the vacancy mechanism of diffusion. It's discovery was called the Kirkendall effect
The Kirkendall effect is the motion of the interface between two metals that occurs due to the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms. The effect can be observed, for example, by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure m ...
.
* 1953 – E. O. Hall and independently N. J. Petch publish their theory of grain boundary strengthening (Hall–Petch law).
See also
*Extractive metallurgy
Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, was ...
References
External links
MIT Ocw
(
MIT OpenCourseWare
MIT OpenCourseWare (MIT OCW) is an initiative of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to publish all of the educational materials from its undergraduate- and graduate-level courses online, freely and openly available to anyone, anywh ...
) Course on Physical MetallurgyA series of Lectures
by Prof. "Harry" Harshad Bhadeshia,
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, wo ...
on the Physical Metallurgy of Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that demonstrates improved mechanical properties compared to the pure form of iron. Due to steel's high Young's modulus, elastic modulus, Yield (engineering), yield strength, Fracture, fracture strength a ...
sAdditional teaching materials
by Prof. "Harry" Harshad Bhadeshia,
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, wo ...
, at the Phase Transformations & Complex
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Materials science
Metallurgy