phrai

''Sakdina'' ( th, ศักดินา) was a system of social hierarchy in use from the Ayutthaya to early Rattanakosin periods of Thai history. It assigned a numerical rank to each person depending on their status, and served to determine their precedence in society, and especially among the nobility. The numbers represented the number of '' rai'' of land a person was entitled to own—''sakdina'' literally translates as "field prestige"—although there is no evidence that it was employed literally. The Three Seals Law, for example, specifies a ''sakdina'' of 100,000 for the '' Maha Uparat'', 10,000 for the Chao Phraya Chakri, 600 for learned Buddhist monks, 20 for commoners and 5 for slaves.

The term is also used to refer to the feudal-like social system of the period, where common freemen or ''phrai'' () were subject to conscription or corvée labour in service of the kingdom for half of the months of the year, under the control of an overseer or ''munnai'' ().

Since 1945, the term "sakdina" has been used frequently as a critique of Thai political authority. In the 1950s, Thai intellectuals like Jit Phumisak and Kukrit Pramoj both critiqued the concept in different ways. Jit Phumisak viewed sakdina as a persistent remnant of exploitative class relations in his analysis of what is typically translated as "feudalism."
Kukrit Pramoj claimed that sakdina was a fundamentally Thai form of social organization. Kukrit claimed that Thai and European feudalism were fundamentally different in his essay Farang Sakdina. Waters, Tony. M. R. Kukrit Pramoj’s theory of good governance and political change: the dialectics of Farang Sakdina. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9, 156 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01158-9 Demonstrators in large demonstrations in 2020-2021 Thai protests also criticized the persistence of authoritarian "sakdina" values in the administration of the Thai government.

References

Feudalism in Asia
Economy of the Ayutthaya Kingdom

{{Thailand-stub