Photo-realistic
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Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses
painting Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...
,
drawing Drawing is a Visual arts, visual art that uses an instrument to mark paper or another two-dimensional surface, or a digital representation of such. Traditionally, the instruments used to make a drawing include pencils, crayons, and ink pens, some ...
and other graphic media, in which an artist studies a
photograph A photograph (also known as a photo, or more generically referred to as an ''image'' or ''picture'') is an image created by light falling on a photosensitivity, photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor. Th ...
and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another
medium Medium may refer to: Aircraft *Medium bomber, a class of warplane * Tecma Medium, a French hang glider design Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''The Medium'' (1921 film), a German silent film * ''The Medium'' (1951 film), a film vers ...
. Although the term can be used broadly to describe artworks in many different media, it is also used to refer to a specific
art movement An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific art philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined ...
of American painters that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s.


History


Origins

As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop ArtLindey (1980), pp. 27–33.Meisel and Chase (2002), pp. 14–15.
Nochlin, Linda Linda Nochlin (''née'' Weinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts, and writer. As a prominent feminist art hi ...
, "The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II", ''Art In America.'' 61 (November–December 1973), p. 98.
and as a counter to
Abstract Expressionism Abstract expressionism in the United States emerged as a distinct art movement in the aftermath of World War II and gained mainstream acceptance in the 1950s, a shift from the American social realism of the 1930s influenced by the Great Depressi ...
as well as Minimalist art movementsBattock, Gregory. Preface to Meisel, Louis K. (1980), ''Photorealism''. New York: Abrams. pp. 8–10 in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States. Photorealists use a photograph or several photographs to gather the information to create their paintings and it can be argued that the use of a
camera A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. As a pivotal technology in the fields of photograp ...
and photographs is an acceptance of
Modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...
. However, artists' admission of their use of photographs in Photorealism was met with intense criticism when the movement began to gain momentum in the late 1960s, despite the fact that visual devices had been used since the fifteenth century to aid artists with their work.Scharf, Aaron (1969), ''Art and Photography'' Baltimore: Allan Lane, The Penguin Press. Louis K. Meisel states in his books and lectures the following: The invention of photography in the nineteenth century had three effects on art: portrait and scenic artists were deemed inferior to the photograph and many turned to photography as careers; within nineteenth- and twentieth-century art movements it is well documented that artists used the photograph as source material and as an aid—however, they went to great lengths to deny the fact fearing that their work would be misunderstood as imitations; and through the photograph's invention artists were open to a great deal of new experimentation. Thus, the culmination of the invention of the photograph was a break in art's history towards the challenge facing the artist—since the earliest known cave drawings—trying to replicate the scenes they viewed. By the time the Photorealists began producing their bodies of work the photograph had become the leading means of reproducing reality and abstraction was the focus of the art world.
Realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *American Realism *Classical Realism *Liter ...
continued as an ongoing art movement, even experiencing a reemergence in the 1930s, but by the 1950s modernist critics and Abstract Expressionism had minimalized realism as a serious art undertaking. Though Photorealists share some aspects of American realists, such as
Edward Hopper Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was an American realism painter and printmaker. He is one of America's most renowned artists and known for his skill in depicting modern American life and landscapes. Born in Nyack, New York, to a ...
, they tried to set themselves as much apart from traditional realists as they did Abstract Expressionists.Lindey (1980), p. 12. Photorealists were much more influenced by the work of Pop artists and were reacting against Abstract Expressionism. Pop Art and photorealism were both reactionary movements stemming from the ever-increasing and overwhelming abundance of photographic media, which by the mid 20th century had grown into such a massive phenomenon that it was threatening to lessen the value of imagery in art.Chase, p. 14.Prown, Jules David and Rose, Barbara (1977), ''American Painting: From the Colonial Period to the Present''. New York:Rizzoli. However, whereas the Pop artists were primarily pointing out the absurdity of much of the imagery (especially in commercial usage), the Photorealists were trying to reclaim and exalt the value of an image. The association of photorealism with ''
trompe-l'œil ; ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a Two-dimensional space, two-dimensional surface. , which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into perceiving p ...
'' is a wrongly attributed comparison, an error in observation or interpretation made by many critics of the 1970s and 1980s.Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh (1991), ''The Visual Arts: A History,'' 3rd Edition. New York: Abrams. p. 709. . ''Trompe-l'œil'' paintings attempt to "fool the eye" and make the viewer think he is seeing an actual object, not a painted one. When observing a Photorealist painting, the viewer is always aware that they are looking at a painting.


Definition

The word ''Photorealism'' was coined by Louis K. MeiselMeiselgallery.com
/ref> in 1969 and appeared in print for the first time in 1970 in a Whitney Museum catalogue for the show "Twenty-two Realists".Meisel (1989), p. 12. It is also sometimes labeled as Super-Realism, New Realism, Sharp Focus Realism, or
hyperrealism Hyperreality is a concept in post-structuralism that refers to the process of the evolution of notions of reality, leading to a cultural state of confusion between signs and symbols invented to stand in for reality, and direct perceptions of ...
. Louis K. Meisel, two years later, developed a five-point definition at the request of Stuart M. Speiser, who had commissioned a large collection of works by the Photorealists, which later developed into a traveling show known as 'Photo-Realism 1973: The Stuart M. Speiser Collection', which was donated to the
Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase a ...
in 1978 and is shown in several of its museums as well as traveling under the auspices of 'site'. The definition for the 'originators' was as follows:
# The Photo-Realist uses the camera and photograph to gather information. # The Photo-Realist uses a mechanical or semi-mechanical means to transfer the information to the canvas. # The Photo-Realist must have the technical ability to make the finished work appear photographic. # The artist must have exhibited work as a Photo-Realist by 1972 to be considered one of the central Photo-Realists. # The artist must have devoted at least five years to the development and exhibition of Photo-Realist work.Meisel (1980), p. 13.


Styles

Photorealist painting cannot exist without the
photograph A photograph (also known as a photo, or more generically referred to as an ''image'' or ''picture'') is an image created by light falling on a photosensitivity, photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor. Th ...
. In Photorealism, change and movement must be frozen in time which must then be accurately represented by the artist. Photorealists gather their imagery and information with the camera and photograph. Once the photograph is developed (usually onto a photographic slide) the artist will systematically transfer the image from the photographic slide onto
canvas Canvas is an extremely durable Plain weave, plain-woven Cloth, fabric used for making sails, tents, Tent#Marquees and larger tents, marquees, backpacks, Shelter (building), shelters, as a Support (art), support for oil painting and for other ite ...
es. Usually this is done either by projecting the slide onto the canvas or by using traditional grid techniques. The resulting images are often direct copies of the original photograph but are usually larger than the original photograph or slide. This results in the photorealist style being tight and precise, often with an emphasis on imagery that requires a high level of technical prowess and
virtuosity ''Virtuosity'' is a 1995 American science fiction action film directed by Brett Leonard and starring Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe. Howard W. Koch Jr. served as an executive producer for the film. The film was released in the United St ...
to simulate, such as
reflection Reflection or reflexion may refer to: Science and technology * Reflection (physics), a common wave phenomenon ** Specular reflection, mirror-like reflection of waves from a surface *** Mirror image, a reflection in a mirror or in water ** Diffuse r ...
s in specular surfaces and the
geometric Geometry (; ) is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician w ...
rigor of man-made environs.


Artists

The first generation of American Photorealists includes the painters
Richard Estes Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932, in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of ...
,
Ralph Goings Ralph Goings (May 9, 1928 – September 4, 2016) was an American Painting, painter closely associated with the Photorealism movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was best known for his highly detailed paintings of hamburger stands, pick- ...
,
Chuck Close Charles Thomas Close (July 5, 1940 – August 19, 2021) was an American painter, visual artist, and photographer who made massive-scale photorealism, photorealist and abstract portraits of himself and others. Close also created photo portraits ...
,
Charles Bell Sir Charles Bell (12 November 177428 April 1842) was a Scottish surgeon, anatomist, physiologist, neurologist, artist, and philosophical theologian. He is noted for discovering the difference between sensory nerves and motor nerves in the ...
,
Audrey Flack Audrey Lenora Flack (May 30, 1931 – June 28, 2024) was an American visual artist. Her work pioneered the art genre of photorealism and encompasses painting, printmaking, sculpture, and photography. Flack had numerous academic degrees, includi ...
,
Don Eddy Don Eddy (born 1944) is a contemporary representational painter.Martin, Alvin. "Spaces of the Mind: New paintings by Don Eddy," ''Arts'', February 1987, p. 22–3.Baker, Kenneth"Don Eddy,"''Artforum'', March 1972. Retrieved March 4, 2021. He ga ...
,
Denis Peterson Denis Peterson (born New York, 1944) is an American hyperrealist painter whose photorealist works have been exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum, Whitney Museum of American Art, Butler Institute of American Art, Tate Modern, Springville Museum of ...
,
Robert Bechtle Robert Alan Bechtle (May 14, 1932 – September 24, 2020) was an American Painting, painter, printmaker, and educator. He lived nearly all his life in the San Francisco Bay Area and whose art was centered on scenes from everyday local life. His p ...
,
Ron Kleemann Ron Kleemann (July 24, 1937 – May 30, 2014) was an American photorealist painter. Kleemann has been recognized as one of the original artists of the Photorealism Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other gr ...
, Richard McLean,
John Salt John Salt (2 August 1937 – 13 December 2021) was an English artist, whose greatly detailed paintings from the late 1960s onwards made him one of the pioneers of the photorealist school. Although Salt's work developed through several distin ...
, , and
Tom Blackwell Thomas Leo Blackwell (1938 – April 8, 2020) was an American hyperrealist of the original first generation of Photorealists, represented by Louis K. Meisel Gallery. Blackwell is one of the Photorealists most associated with the style. He prod ...
.Meisel (1980) Often working independently of each other and with widely different starting points, these original Photorealists routinely tackled mundane or familiar subjects in traditional art genres--
landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ...
s (mostly
urban Urban means "related to a city". In that sense, the term may refer to: * Urban area, geographical area distinct from rural areas * Urban culture, the culture of towns and cities Urban may also refer to: General * Urban (name), a list of people ...
rather than naturalistic),
portrait A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant. In arts, a portrait may be represented as half body and even full body. If the subject in full body better r ...
s, and
still life A still life (: still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly wikt:inanimate, inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or artificiality, human-m ...
s. With the birth of the Photorealist movement, many painters who were related to Photorealism, continued to pursue and refine their techniques; they became the second generation of Photorealists. These painters included John Baeder, Hilo Chen, Jack Mendenhall,
Ken Marschall Ken Marschall (born October 28, 1950) is an American painter and illustrator notable for his paintings of famous ocean liners, such as the , , and , and other transportation vessels including the '' Bismarck'', ''LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin'' and ''LZ ...
,
David Parrish David Buchanan Parrish (1939–2021) was an American artist who was a part of the photorealism movement. He is most known for his paintings of motorcycles. Biography David Parrish was born on Jun 19, 1939 in Birmingham, Alabama. His father wa ...
and
Idelle Weber Idelle Lois Weber (born Tessie Pasternack; March 12, 1932 – March 23, 2020) was an American artist most closely aligned with the Pop art and Photorealist movements. Early life Weber was born in Chicago, Illinois on March 12, 1932, as Tessie Pa ...
. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, photorealist approaches were favoured by many artists including Mike Gorman and Eric Scott. The introduction of these European painters to a wider US audience was brought about through the 1982 'Superhumanism' exhibition at the Arnold Katzen Gallery, New York. Though the movement is primarily associated with painting,
Duane Hanson Duane Hanson (January 17, 1925 – January 6, 1996) was an American artist and sculptor born in Minnesota. He spent most of his career in South Florida. He was known for his life-sized realistic sculptures of people. He cast the works based on ...
and John DeAndrea are
sculptor Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
s associated with photorealism for their painted, lifelike sculptures of average people that were complete with simulated
hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and ...
and real clothes. They are called ''Verists.''


Since 2000

Though the height of Photorealism was in the 1970s, the movement continues and includes several of the original photorealists as well as many of their contemporaries. According to Meisel and Chase's ''Photorealism at the Millennium'', only eight of the original thirteen photorealists were still creating Photorealist work in 2002. As of September 2020,
Richard Estes Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932, in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of ...
is the only remaining original Photorealist actively working in the Photorealist style. Artists
Robert Bechtle Robert Alan Bechtle (May 14, 1932 – September 24, 2020) was an American Painting, painter, printmaker, and educator. He lived nearly all his life in the San Francisco Bay Area and whose art was centered on scenes from everyday local life. His p ...
,
Charles Bell Sir Charles Bell (12 November 177428 April 1842) was a Scottish surgeon, anatomist, physiologist, neurologist, artist, and philosophical theologian. He is noted for discovering the difference between sensory nerves and motor nerves in the ...
,
Tom Blackwell Thomas Leo Blackwell (1938 – April 8, 2020) was an American hyperrealist of the original first generation of Photorealists, represented by Louis K. Meisel Gallery. Blackwell is one of the Photorealists most associated with the style. He prod ...
,
Ralph Goings Ralph Goings (May 9, 1928 – September 4, 2016) was an American Painting, painter closely associated with the Photorealism movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was best known for his highly detailed paintings of hamburger stands, pick- ...
,
John Kacere John C. Kacere (23 June 1920 – 5 August 1999) was an American painter. Originally an abstract expressionist, Kacere adopted a photorealist style in 1963.Meisel, Louis K. ''Photorealism''. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. Nearl ...
,
Ron Kleemann Ron Kleemann (July 24, 1937 – May 30, 2014) was an American photorealist painter. Kleemann has been recognized as one of the original artists of the Photorealism Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other gr ...
have died;
Audrey Flack Audrey Lenora Flack (May 30, 1931 – June 28, 2024) was an American visual artist. Her work pioneered the art genre of photorealism and encompasses painting, printmaking, sculpture, and photography. Flack had numerous academic degrees, includi ...
,
Chuck Close Charles Thomas Close (July 5, 1940 – August 19, 2021) was an American painter, visual artist, and photographer who made massive-scale photorealism, photorealist and abstract portraits of himself and others. Close also created photo portraits ...
,
Don Eddy Don Eddy (born 1944) is a contemporary representational painter.Martin, Alvin. "Spaces of the Mind: New paintings by Don Eddy," ''Arts'', February 1987, p. 22–3.Baker, Kenneth"Don Eddy,"''Artforum'', March 1972. Retrieved March 4, 2021. He ga ...
, and have moved away from Photorealism; and
Robert Cottingham Robert Cottingham (born 26 September 1935 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American artist known for his paintings and prints of urban American landscapes showing building facades, neon signs, movie marquees, railroad heralds and shop fronts.
no longer considers himself a photorealist. Newer Photorealists are building upon the foundations set by the original Photorealists. Examples would be the influence of Richard Estes in works by Anthony Brunelli or the influence of Ralph Goings and Charles Bell in works by
Glennray Tutor Glennray Tutor (born 1950 in Kennett, Missouri) is an American painter who is known for his photorealistic paintings. He is considered to be part of the Photorealism art movement. Eric Gibson, "Outward Bound: American Art on the Brink of the Twen ...
. However, this has led many to move on from the strict definition of photorealism as the emulation of the photograph. Photorealism is also no longer simply an American art movement. Starting with Franz Gertsch in the 1980s Clive Head, Raphaella Spence, Bertrand Meniel, and
Roberto Bernardi Roberto Bernardi (born 1974 in Todi, Italy) is a photorealist painter who explores the beauty of everyday life though the reflections and transparencies in his still life paintings, using as his main subject plates and glasses, kitchens applia ...
are several European artists associated with photorealism that have emerged since the mid-1990s. This internationalization of photorealism is also seen in photorealist events, such as
The Prague Project The Prague Project was an art project involving the photorealist painters Anthony Brunelli, Clive Head, Bertrand Meniel and Raphaella Spence, and the writer Michael Paraskos, held in Prague in 2003. It culminated in an exhibition at the Roberson Mu ...
, in which American and non-American photorealist painters have traveled together to locations including Prague, Zurich, Monaco and New York, to work alongside each other in producing work. The evolution of technology has brought forth photorealistic paintings that exceed what was thought possible with paintings; these newer paintings by the photorealists are sometimes referred to as "
Hyperrealism Hyperreality is a concept in post-structuralism that refers to the process of the evolution of notions of reality, leading to a cultural state of confusion between signs and symbols invented to stand in for reality, and direct perceptions of ...
".Meisel and Chase (2002) With new technology in cameras and digital equipment, artists are able to be far more precision-oriented and can produce imagery using a wider range of media. The artist Bill Fink has developed his own technique for creating photorealistic images using soil, pollen, human hair, and cremated human remains. Photorealism's influence and popularity continues to grow, with new books such as
Juxtapoz ''Juxtapoz Art & Culture Magazine'' (pronounced ''JUX-tah-pose'') is a magazine created in 1994 by a group of artists and art collectors including Robert Williams, Fausto Vitello, C.R. Stecyk III (a.k.a. Craig Stecyk), Greg Escalante, and Eric ...
's 2014 book entitled ''Hyperreal'' detailing current trends within the artistic genre.


List of photorealists

;Original photorealists Significant artists whose work helped define Photorealism: * John Baeder (born 1938) *
Robert Bechtle Robert Alan Bechtle (May 14, 1932 – September 24, 2020) was an American Painting, painter, printmaker, and educator. He lived nearly all his life in the San Francisco Bay Area and whose art was centered on scenes from everyday local life. His p ...
(1932–2020) *
Charles Bell Sir Charles Bell (12 November 177428 April 1842) was a Scottish surgeon, anatomist, physiologist, neurologist, artist, and philosophical theologian. He is noted for discovering the difference between sensory nerves and motor nerves in the ...
(1935–1995) *
Tom Blackwell Thomas Leo Blackwell (1938 – April 8, 2020) was an American hyperrealist of the original first generation of Photorealists, represented by Louis K. Meisel Gallery. Blackwell is one of the Photorealists most associated with the style. He prod ...
(1938–2020) *
Chuck Close Charles Thomas Close (July 5, 1940 – August 19, 2021) was an American painter, visual artist, and photographer who made massive-scale photorealism, photorealist and abstract portraits of himself and others. Close also created photo portraits ...
(1940–2021) *
Robert Cottingham Robert Cottingham (born 26 September 1935 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American artist known for his paintings and prints of urban American landscapes showing building facades, neon signs, movie marquees, railroad heralds and shop fronts.
(born 1935) *
Don Eddy Don Eddy (born 1944) is a contemporary representational painter.Martin, Alvin. "Spaces of the Mind: New paintings by Don Eddy," ''Arts'', February 1987, p. 22–3.Baker, Kenneth"Don Eddy,"''Artforum'', March 1972. Retrieved March 4, 2021. He ga ...
(born 1944) *
Richard Estes Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932, in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of ...
(born 1932) *
Audrey Flack Audrey Lenora Flack (May 30, 1931 – June 28, 2024) was an American visual artist. Her work pioneered the art genre of photorealism and encompasses painting, printmaking, sculpture, and photography. Flack had numerous academic degrees, includi ...
(1931–2024) *
Ralph Goings Ralph Goings (May 9, 1928 – September 4, 2016) was an American Painting, painter closely associated with the Photorealism movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was best known for his highly detailed paintings of hamburger stands, pick- ...
(1928–2016) *
Denis Peterson Denis Peterson (born New York, 1944) is an American hyperrealist painter whose photorealist works have been exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum, Whitney Museum of American Art, Butler Institute of American Art, Tate Modern, Springville Museum of ...
(born 1944)Thompson, Graham (2007), ''American Culture in the 1980s (Twentieth Century American Culture)'' Edinburgh Press *
Ian Hornak Ian Hornak (January 9, 1944 – December 9, 2002) was an American draughtsman, painter and printmaker. He was one of the founding artists of the Hyperrealist and Photorealist fine art movements; credited with having been the first Photorea ...
(1944–2002) *
Howard Kanovitz Howard Kanovitz (February 9, 1929 – February 2, 2009) was a pioneering painter in the Photorealism, Photorealist and Hyperrealism (painting), Hyperrealist Movements, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in response to the abstract art movem ...
(1929–2009) *
John Kacere John C. Kacere (23 June 1920 – 5 August 1999) was an American painter. Originally an abstract expressionist, Kacere adopted a photorealist style in 1963.Meisel, Louis K. ''Photorealism''. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. Nearl ...
(1920–1999) *
Ron Kleemann Ron Kleemann (July 24, 1937 – May 30, 2014) was an American photorealist painter. Kleemann has been recognized as one of the original artists of the Photorealism Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other gr ...
(1937–2014) *
Malcolm Morley Malcolm A. Morley (June 7, 1931 – June 1, 2018) was a British-American visual artist and painter. He was known as an artist who pioneered in various styles, working as a photorealist and an expressionist, among many other genres. In 1984, he ...
(1931–2018) *
John Salt John Salt (2 August 1937 – 13 December 2021) was an English artist, whose greatly detailed paintings from the late 1960s onwards made him one of the pioneers of the photorealist school. Although Salt's work developed through several distin ...
(1937–2021) *Ben Schonzeit (born 1942) ;Photorealists Significant artists whose work meets the criteria of Photorealism: *Linda Bacon (born 1942)Meisel (2002) *Mike Bayne (born 1977) *
Roberto Bernardi Roberto Bernardi (born 1974 in Todi, Italy) is a photorealist painter who explores the beauty of everyday life though the reflections and transparencies in his still life paintings, using as his main subject plates and glasses, kitchens applia ...
(born 1974) *Arne Besser (1935–2012) *Anthony Brunelli (born 1968) * Bryan Charnley (1949–1991) * Hilo Chen (born 1942) *Davis Cone (born 1950)Meisel (1993) *Randy Dudley (born 1950) * Martin Gale (born 1949) * Franz Gertsch (1930–2022) *Robert Gniewek (born 1951) *
Gus Heinze Gus Heinze (born May 1, 1926 in Bremen, Germany) is an American photorealist painter. Early work From 1947-1950, Heinze studied under Robert Weaver, Howard Trafton, and Robert Ward Johnson at the School of Visual Arts and the Art Students League ...
(born 1926) *
Gottfried Helnwein Gottfried Helnwein (born 8 October 1948) is an Austrian-Irish visual artist. He has worked as a painter, draftsman, photographer, muralist, sculptor, installation and performance artist, using a wide variety of techniques and media. His work is ...
(born 1948) *Don Jacot (born 1949) *Noel Mahaffey (born 1944) *Dennis James Martin (1956–2001) *Jack Mendenhall (born 1937) *Kim Mendenhall (born 1949) *Betrand Meniel (born 1961) *Reynard Milici (born 1942) *
Marilyn Minter Marilyn Minter (born 1948) is an American visual artist who is perhaps best known for her sensual paintings and photographs done in the photorealism style that blurs the line between commercial and fine art. Minter currently teaches in the MFA ...
(born 1948) *
Robert Neffson Robert Neffson (born December 28, 1949) is an American Painting, painter known for his photorealism, photorealistic street scenes of various cities around the world, museum interiors and for early still lifes and figure paintings. Early life and ...
(born 1949) * William Nichols (born 1942)Lamagna, Catherine. "William A. Nichols," ''Arts Magazine'', September 1979, p. 15. * Jerry Ott (born 1947) *
James Torlakson James "Jim" Daniel Torlakson (born February 19, 1951) is an American visual artist and educator, known for his photorealist oil paintings, watercolors and aquatint intaglio prints. He is based in Pacifica, California, a costal city near San Franc ...
(born 1951) *
Tjalf Sparnaay Tjalf Sparnaay (born 1954) is a Dutch artist, photographer, illustrator and painter. Born in Haarlem, Tjalf lived with his parents for much of his younger years. Sparnaay was educated to become a sports teacher and became a selftaught painter and a ...
(born 1954) *Paul Staiger (born 1941) *
Glennray Tutor Glennray Tutor (born 1950 in Kennett, Missouri) is an American painter who is known for his photorealistic paintings. He is considered to be part of the Photorealism art movement. Eric Gibson, "Outward Bound: American Art on the Brink of the Twen ...
(born 1950)Gibson, Eric (1999), ''Outward Bound: Contemporary American Art''. Lunenburg, Vermont: Stinehour Press Publishers. *Rod Penner (born 1965) * Raphaella Spence (born 1978) *
Idelle Weber Idelle Lois Weber (born Tessie Pasternack; March 12, 1932 – March 23, 2020) was an American artist most closely aligned with the Pop art and Photorealist movements. Early life Weber was born in Chicago, Illinois on March 12, 1932, as Tessie Pa ...
(1932–2020) *Ken Orton (born 1951) * Roger Winter (born 1934) ;Other photorealists *
Clive Head Clive Head (born 1965) is a painter from Britain. Biography Head was born in Maidstone, Kent, the son of a machine operator at Reed's Paper Mill in Aylesford. Head had a precocious talent in art and at the age of 11 attended Reeds Art Club, a ...
(born 1965)Head, Clive (2004) "Post-Photoreal Painting" in Brunelli, Anthony; Head, Clive; Menie, Bertrand Meniel; and Spence, Raphaella (2004), ''The Prague Project'' Binghamton, New York: Roberson Museum and Science Center


See also

*
Abstract illusionism Abstract illusionism is a name coined by art historian and critic Barbara Rose in 1967. Louis K. Meisel independently coined the term to define an artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the mid-1970s. History Th ...
*
Contemporary art Contemporary art is a term used to describe the art of today, generally referring to art produced from the 1970s onwards. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically advancing world. Their art is a ...
* Contemporary realism *
History of art The history of art focuses on objects made by humans for any number of spiritual, narrative, philosophical, symbolic, conceptual, documentary, decorative, and even functional and other purposes, but with a primary emphasis on its aesthetics ...
*
Hyperrealism (visual arts) Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily app ...
*
Photorealistic rendering __NOTOC__ In computer graphics, unbiased rendering or photorealistic rendering are Rendering (computer graphics), rendering techniques that avoid systematic errors, or Bias (statistics), statistical bias, in computing an image’s radiance. Bias ...
*
Realism (arts) Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to Representation (arts), represent subject-matter truthfully, without artificiality, exaggeration, or speculative fiction, speculative or supernatural elements. The term is often used interchangeabl ...
* ''
Trompe-l'œil ; ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a Two-dimensional space, two-dimensional surface. , which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into perceiving p ...
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Art of Europe The art of Europe, also known as Western art, encompasses the history of visual art in Europe. European prehistoric art started as mobile Upper Paleolithic rock and cave painting and petroglyph art and was characteristic of the period betw ...
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Western painting The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from classical antiquity, antiquity until the present time. Until the mid-19th century it was primarily concerned with Representational art, representational ...


Bibliography

* Auping, Michael; Bishop, Janet; Ray, Charles; and Weinberg, Jonathan (2005), ''
Robert Bechtle Robert Alan Bechtle (May 14, 1932 – September 24, 2020) was an American Painting, painter, printmaker, and educator. He lived nearly all his life in the San Francisco Bay Area and whose art was centered on scenes from everyday local life. His p ...
: A Retrospective''. Berkeley, California:
University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty ...
. . * Chalumeau, Jean-Luc (2007), ''Peinture et Photographie: Pop art, figuration narrative, hyperréalisme, nouveaux pop''. Paris: Editions du Chêne. . * Chase, Linda (1988), ''
Ralph Goings Ralph Goings (May 9, 1928 – September 4, 2016) was an American Painting, painter closely associated with the Photorealism movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was best known for his highly detailed paintings of hamburger stands, pick- ...
: Essay/Interview''. New York: Abrams. . * Chase, Linda (ed.) (2001), ''Photorealism: The Liff Collection''. Naples, Florida: Naples Museum of Art. . * Geldzahler, Henry and Meisel, Louis K. (1991), ''
Charles Bell Sir Charles Bell (12 November 177428 April 1842) was a Scottish surgeon, anatomist, physiologist, neurologist, artist, and philosophical theologian. He is noted for discovering the difference between sensory nerves and motor nerves in the ...
: The Complete Works, 1970–1990''. New York: Abrams. . * Lindey, Christine (1980), ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture'', New York: William Morrow and Company. * Meisel, Louis K. (1989), ''Photorealism''. New York: Abradale/Abrams. . * Meisel, Louis K. (1993), ''Photorealism Since 1980''. New York: Abrams. . * Meisel, Louis K. and Chase, Linda. (2002), ''Photorealism at the Millennium''. New York: Abrams. . * Meisel, Louis K. and Harris, Elizabeth K. (2013), ''Photorealism in the Digital Age''. New York: Abrams. . * Meisel, Louis K. and Perreault, John (1986), ''
Richard Estes Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932, in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of ...
: The Complete Paintings, 1966-1985''. New York: Abrams. . * Paraskos, Michael (2013), ''Scarborough Realists Now''. London: Orage Press. . * Paraskos, Michael (2010), ''
Clive Head Clive Head (born 1965) is a painter from Britain. Biography Head was born in Maidstone, Kent, the son of a machine operator at Reed's Paper Mill in Aylesford. Head had a precocious talent in art and at the age of 11 attended Reeds Art Club, a ...
''. London: Lund Humphries. . * Wilmerding, John (2006), ''
Richard Estes Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932, in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of ...
''. New York: Rizzoli. .


References


Further reading

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External links

* {{Westernart 1960s introductions 20th-century art movements American art movements Contemporary art movements Modern paintings