
Phoebe Wilson Couzins (September 8, 1842 – December 6, 1913) was one of the first female lawyers in the United States. She was the second woman to serve as a licensed attorney in Missouri and the third or fourth to be a licensed attorney in the United States. She was the first woman admitted to the Missouri and Utah bars, and was also admitted to the Kansas and Dakota Territory bars.
She was the first female appointed to the
U.S. Marshal
The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States. The Marshals Service serves as the enforcement and security arm of the U.S. federal judiciary. It is an agency of the U.S. Department of Jus ...
service. After her career in law, she played an active part in the
Suffrage movement.
Early life
Couzins was born to Adaline and John E.D. Couzins. John Couzins was the chief of police during the Civil War in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1884 he was appointed U.S. marshal of the Eastern District of Missouri by President Chester Arthur. Her mother was active in charity work and volunteered as a nurse. During the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
, both Phoebe and Adaline helped organize the
Western Sanitary Commission
The Western Sanitary Commission was a private agency based in St. Louis that was a rival of the larger U.S. Sanitary Commission. It operated in the west during the American Civil War to help the U.S. Army deal with sick and wounded soldiers. It wa ...
, which offered medical aid to wounded soldiers in places without hospitals.
During St Louis's 1849 cholera epidemic, both Adaline and John lead relief efforts. Adaline also actively contributed to the movement for women's suffrage. Phoebe and Adaline were both members of the St. Louis Woman Suffrage Association, where Phoebe drew attention as a public speaker.
Inspired by Professor
John M. Krum, Couzins submitted an application to study law at the new
Washington University in St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) is a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853 by a group of civic leaders and named for George Washington, the university spans 355 acres across its Danforth ...
. Her application was accepted by all sixteen members of the Application board, and her historic acceptance opened the gates for women to study law in Washington University.
In 1869, Couzins began her studies at the university's law school, and earned her L.L.B degree in 1871, as one of only nine people in her class. Couzins became the first woman in the United States to graduate from a law school.
She was also the first female graduate of Washington University. At her graduation a banquet was held in her honor.
Couzins was licensed to practice law in the federal courts, Missouri, Arkansas, Utah, and Kansas. However, she chose a career in public speaking.
Career
Even prior to beginning her studies, she was the Missouri delegate to the
American Equal Rights Association
The American Equal Rights Association (AERA) was formed in 1866 in the United States. According to its constitution, its purpose was "to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color o ...
meeting in New York. She established a practice in St. Louis, and was admitted to the bar in four states. Couzins was described as a riveting orator and lectured across the United States. In 1884, she testified before the
U.S. House Judiciary Committee
The U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, also called the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is charged with overseeing the administration of justice within the federal courts, f ...
on the legal status of women.
In 1884, John Couzins became U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Missouri and he made Phoebe one of his deputies.
As his health failed, Phoebe started taking over some of his duties.
Upon his death in 1887, Couzins became the first female
U.S. Marshal
The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States. The Marshals Service serves as the enforcement and security arm of the U.S. federal judiciary. It is an agency of the U.S. Department of Jus ...
in the country, a position which she held for two months after President
Grover Cleveland
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, serving from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. He was the first U.S. president to serve nonconsecutive terms and the first Hist ...
appointed her interim marshal.
However, two months later, Phoebe was replaced by a man.
Couzins served as commissioner for Missouri, on the National Board of Charities and Correction.
She was also on the St. Louis World's Fair board of directors. She had written a number of books during her time as Marshal, regarding law and governance. In 1882
President Chester A. Arthur considered her for a position on the Utah Territory Commission.
Involvement in the suffrage movement
During the Civil War, Couzins worked for the Ladies Union Aid Society. It was a society consisting of a considerable number of suffragists, including
Annie Turner Wittenmyer and
Virginia Minor. Perhaps influenced by this, both Phoebe and Adaline joined the St. Louis Women Suffrage Association. Couzins contributed to "The Revolution", a women's suffrage publication. She served as a delegate to the American Equal Rights Convention in 1871, which was attended by
Susan B. Anthony.
After the convention, she aligned causes with Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton ( Cady; November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-19th century. She was the main force behind the 1848 ...
to form the
National Woman Suffrage Association
The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869, to work for women's suffrage in the United States. Its main leaders were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It was created after the women's rights movement spl ...
(NWSA) and toured extensively around the country. The Woman Suffrage Association of Missouri merged with the
American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in 1871, which caused Couzins to resign from the group, as she favored the radical approach of the NWSA.
After the merge, Couzins was outspoken in her support of the NWSA leadership. She believed that the merge spurred the rise of a new type of suffragist- one who was young and wealthy, and was fighting for suffrage for reasons that opposed her own. She also had a job as secretary of the Board of Lady Managers, but attempted to dominate the meetings, and was fired. She sued for reinstatement, but lost.
Prior to her appointment to the Board of Lady Managers, she was a founding member of the Chicago women's group, the
Queen Isabella Association.
Phoebe later changed positions and renounced woman suffrage and temperance, which was widely publicized in 1897. At this time Couzins herself was battling health conditions and was becoming increasingly weak. She left the suffrage movement in 1897, and joined the
United States Brewers' Association The United States Brewers' Association was a trade organization that existed from 1862 to 1986.
Founding
The impetus for its founding was provided by the institution of federal taxation during the American Civil War. A group of New York brewers, al ...
, as a
lobbyist
Lobbying is a form of advocacy, which lawfully attempts to directly influence legislators or government officials, such as regulatory agencies or judiciary. Lobbying involves direct, face-to-face contact and is carried out by various entities, in ...
against prohibition and temperance. It is assumed that she took up the job because her funds were rapidly dwindling. Her choice was taken as an offence by many suffragists, as temperance was always looked upon favorably by the suffrage movement. She lost her job with the Brewers Association in 1908, when she was about sixty-eight. She then returned to St. Louis, unemployed and disabled. She appealed to the federal government for a job and to the Brewers Association for aid. She solicited friends for help, but was not able to garner enough support.
Later years and death
Couzins died in St. Louis on December 6, 1913, in an unoccupied house at 2722 Pine Street and was mourned by only her brother and a few friends. Her funeral was attended by only six people.
She was buried at
Bellefontaine Cemetery
Bellefontaine Cemetery is a nonprofit, non-denominational cemetery and arboretum in St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1849 as a rural cemetery, Bellefontaine has several architecturally significant monuments and mausoleums such as the Louis Su ...
on December 8, 1913, with her U.S marshal star pinned to her chest. At her time of death she was in a state of poverty.
Accolades
* In 1950 Couzin's previously unmarked grave received a stone monument, courtesy of the Women's Bar Association of St. Louis.
* In 2000 Susan Frelich Appleton was installed as the inaugural
Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins Professor of Law at the
Washington University School of Law
The Washington University School of Law (WashU Law) is the law school of Washington University in St. Louis, a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1867, it is the oldest continuously operating law school west of the ...
.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Couzins, Phoebe
1842 births
1913 deaths
American lawyers
Law enforcement officials from Missouri
Suffragists from Missouri
Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery
19th-century United States Marshals
Washington University School of Law alumni
19th-century American women lawyers
19th-century American lawyers