Philometra Protonibeae
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''Philometra'' is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
nematode The nematodes ( or ; ; ), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. Species in the phylum inhabit a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but many are parasitic. Parasitic worms (h ...
s, which are
parasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...
s of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by
Oronzio Gabriele Costa Oronzo Gabriele Costa (26 August 1787, Alessano – 7 November 1867 Naples) was an Italian zoologist. At first a physician, he taught zoology at the University of Naples. He wrote 126 papers on various subjects, principally entomology, and in 18 ...
in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of both marine and freshwater fishes. When still in the larval stages, these worms move to the body cavities or subcutaneous tissues in the host. This migration can cause damage to skeletal joints, result in internal bleeding, and inflame visceral organs. Emaciation and lowered growth rates may result from this. Infestation produces nodules under the skin. When the worms are in the adult or juvenile stage, these nodules may be visible between the rays of the fins or may cause the scales to raise up. Larger nodules may be the result of gravid females which may rupture the skin surface. Once ruptured, the female disintegrates. This allows the release of the live larvae into the water. This wound on the fish then heals, leaving almost no scarring. Species of ''Philometra'' require two hosts to complete their life cycle. After the larval worms are released from the host fish, they are ingested by
copepods Copepods (; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthic (living on the sediments), several species have ...
which act as an intermediate host. Once inside the copepod, the larvae
molt In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at ...
several times. Fish may then eat the infested copepod.


Known hosts

Species of this genus are known to parasitize numerous species of fish, including: *
Blacktip grouper The blacktip grouper (''Epinephelus fasciatus''), also known as the redbanded grouper, blacktipped cod, black-tipped rockcod, footballer cod, red-barred cod, red-barred rockcod, scarlet rock-cod or weathered rock-cod, is a species of marine ray-fi ...
* Herring scad *
Bigeye scad The bigeye scad or big-eyed scad (''Selar crumenophthalmus'') is a species of oceanic fish found in tropical regions around the globe. Other common names include purse-eyed scad, goggle-eyed scad, akule, chicharro, charrito ojón, jacks, matang b ...
*
Bluefish The bluefish (''Pomatomus saltatrix'') is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are known as ta ...


Gallery

File:Parasite170008-fig1 - Ovary of fish with visible Philometra females.png, Ovary of fish with visible ''Philometra females'' File:Parasite140007-fig6 Philometra fasciati Moravec & Justine, 2008 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif, ''
Philometra fasciati ''Philometra fasciati'' is a species of parasite, parasitic nematode of fishes, first found off New Caledonia in the South Pacific, in the gonads ''Epinephelus fasciatus''. This species is characterized mainly by: length of spicules and length an ...
'' File:Parasite140007-fig1 Philometra austropacifica Moravec & Justine, 2014 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif, ''
Philometra austropacifica ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' File:Parasite140007-fig9 Philometra selaris Moravec & Justine, 2014 (Nematoda, Philometridae).tif, ''
Philometra selaris ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Parasite140132-fig1 Philometra protonibeae (Nematoda, Philometridae).png, '' Philometra protonibeae'' Parasite140132-fig2 Philometra protonibeae (Nematoda, Philometridae).png, '' Philometra protonibeae'' Parasite140132-fig3 Philometra protonibeae (Nematoda, Philometridae).png, '' Philometra protonibeae'' Parasite140132-fig4 Philometra sp. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from Lutjanus johnii.png, ''Philometra'' sp.


Taxonomy

The following species are recognized by the
World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...
: * '' Philometra gerrei'' Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 * ''
Philometra globiceps ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' (Rudolphi, 1819) * '' Philometra lagocephali'' Moravec & Justine, 2008 * ''
Philometra onchorhynchi ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Kuitinen-Ekbaum, 1933 * ''
Philometra otolithi ''Philometra otolithi'' is a species of parasitic nematode of fishes, infecting the gonads of marine perciform fishes off the eastern Indian coast. It was first found in the tigertooth croaker, '' Otolithes ruber''. It is distinguished from its c ...
'' Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 * ''
Philometra ovata ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' (Zeder, 1803) * ''
Philometra priacanthi ''Philometra priacanthi'' is a species of parasite, parasitic nematode of fishes. Its name is derived from its host (biology), host species, ''Priacanthus hamrur''. It possesses dorsal lamella (anatomy), lamella-like structures on the distal part ...
'' Moravec & Justine, 2009 * ''
Philometra rischta ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Skrjabin, 1917 * ''
Philometra rubra ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' ( Leidy, 1856) * ''
Philometra saltatrix ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Ramachandran, 1973 * ''
Philometra sanguinea ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' ( Rudolphi, 1819) * ''
Philometra scombresoxis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Nikolaeva & Naidenova, 1964 * ''
Philometra sphyraenae ''Philometra sphyraenae'' is a species of parasite, parasitic nematode of fishes, infecting the gonads of marine perciform fishes off the eastern Indian coast. It was first found in the pickhandle barracuda, ''Sphyraena jello''. It is distinguis ...
'' Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 * '' Philometra tauridica'' Ivashkin, Naidenova, Kovaleva & Khromova, 1971 * ''
Philometra translucida ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Walton, 1927


''Nomina dubia''

* ''
Philometra brevicollis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec & Justine, 2011 * ''
Philometra carolinensis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006 * '' Philometra cephalus'' Ramachandran, 1975 * ''
Philometra charlestonensis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, de Buron, Baker & González-Solís, 2008 * '' Philometra cyanopodi'' Moravec & Justine, 2008 * ''
Philometra cynoscionis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006 * ''
Philometra fasciati ''Philometra fasciati'' is a species of parasite, parasitic nematode of fishes, first found off New Caledonia in the South Pacific, in the gonads ''Epinephelus fasciatus''. This species is characterized mainly by: length of spicules and length an ...
'' Moravec & Justine, 2008 * '' Philometra filiformis'' ( Stossich, 1896) * ''
Philometra floridensis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, Fajer-Avila & Bakenhaster, 2010 * '' Philometra genypteri'' Moravec, Chávez & Olivia, 2011 * ''
Philometra gymnothoracis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec & Buron, 2009 * '' Philometra inimici'' Yamaguti, 1941 * ''
Philometra isaki ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Quiazon, Yoshinaga & Ogawa, 2008 * '' Philometra jordanoi'' (López-Neyra, 1951) * ''
Philometra justinei ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, Ternengo & Levron, 2006 * '' Philometra katsuwoni'' Petter & Baudin-Laurencin, 1986 * ''
Philometra lateolabracis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' ( Yamaguti, 1935) * ''
Philometra lethrini ''Philometra lethrini'' is a species of parasite, parasitic nematode of fishes, first found off New Caledonia in the South Pacific, in the gonads of ''Lethrinus genivittatus''. This species is characterized mainly by: length of spicules and lengt ...
'' Moravec & Justine, 2008 * '' Philometra macroandri'' (Shchepkina, 1978) * '' Philometra madai'' Quiazon, Yoshinaga & Ogawa, 2008 * ''
Philometra managatuwo ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Yamaguti, 1941 * ''
Philometra margolisi ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, et al., 1995 * ''
Philometra mexicana ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec & Salgado-Maldonado, 2007 * ''
Philometra mira ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec & Justine, 2011 * '' Philometra nemipteri'' Luo, 2001 * ''
Philometra neolateolabracis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Rajyalakshmi, Hanumantha Rao & Shyamasundari, 1985 * ''
Philometra neptomeni ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Mateo, 1972 * '' Philometra obladae'' Moravec, Gaglio, Panebianco & Giannetto, 2008 * '' Philometra obturans'' (Prennant, 1886) * '' Philometra ocularis'' Moravec, Ogawa, Suzuki, Miyazaki & Donai, 2002 * ''
Philometra overstreeti ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec & de Buron, 2006 * '' Philometra pellucida'' (Jägerskiöld, 1893) * ''
Philometra rajani ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Mukherjee, 1963 * '' Philometra sciaenae'' Yamaguti, 1941 * ''
Philometra scomberomori ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' ( Yamaguti, 1935) * '' Philometra sebastisci'' Yamaguti, 1941 * ''
Philometra serranellicabrillae ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Janiszewska, 1949 * ''
Philometra strongylurae ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec & Ali, 2005 * '' Philometra tenuicauda'' Moravec & Justine, 2009 * ''
Philometra terapontis ''Philometra'' is a genus of nematodes, which are parasites of marine and freshwater fishes. The genus was erected by Oronzio Gabriele Costa in 1845. Species in this genus are worldwide. They parasitize the body cavities, tissues and ovaries of ...
'' Moravec, Gopalakrishnan, Rajkumar, Saravanakumar & Kaliyamoorthy, 2011 * '' Philometra tylosuri'' Moravec & Ali, 2005


References


Further reading

* * * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q5268606 Secernentea genera Camallanida Parasitic nematodes of fish Taxa named by Oronzio Gabriele Costa