Philipp Bouhler

Philipp Bouhler (11 September 1899 – 19 May 1945) was a German senior Nazi Party functionary who was both a (National Leader) and Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP. He was also the SS official responsible for the euthanasia program that killed more than 250,000 disabled adults and children in Nazi Germany, as well as co-initiator of , also called ('special treatment'), that killed 15,000–20,000 concentration camp prisoners.

Bouhler was arrested on 10 May 1945 by American troops. He took his own life nine days later in the U.S. internment camp at Zell am See in Austria.

Early life

Bouhler was born in Munich, to a retired colonel, and spent five years in the Royal Bavarian Cadet Corps. He entered the 1st Royal Bavarian Foot Artillery Regiment in 1916 during the First World War, was commissioned as a '' Leutnant'' in July 1917, and was badly wounded the next month. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class, and was hospitalized through the end of the war. In 1922, he left the University of Munich's philosophy department and became a contributor to the '' Völkischer Beobachter'', the Nazi Party's newspaper.

Nazi functionary

Bouhler joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in July 1922 with membership number 12. By late 1922 he had become deputy business manager of the NSDAP under Max Amann. He took part in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich and when the Party was banned, became the Business Manager for the Nazi front organization, the Greater German People's Community, based in Munich.

Upon the refounding of the party on 27 February 1925, he immediately rejoined and was made National Business Manager of the NSDAP, holding this post until November 1934. Historian Ian Kershaw avows that because Hitler paid "little attention to administration and organization", he relied on the "indefatigable and subservient" yet "inwardly ambitious" Bouhler and other Party bosses like him. According to historian Klaus Fischer, the "owlish looking" Bouhler was part of Adolf Hitler's early inner circle and as a "diffident and punctilious bureaucrat", the Führer could trust him to "carry out any order, no matter how outlandish".

After the seizure of power in January 1933, Bouhler was elected as a member of the '' Reichstag'' from the Nazi Party electoral list at the March 1933 parliamentary election. At the November election, he was returned as a deputy from electoral constituency 18, Westphalia South, and continued to hold this seat until the fall of the Nazi regime.Philipp Bouhler entry
in th
''Reichstag'' Members Database
/ref> In June 1933, Hitler appointed him a '' Reichsleiter'', the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. He joined the SS in the rank of SS-'' Gruppenführer'' on 20 April 1933 with membership number 54,932. On 30 January 1936, Bouhler was promoted to the rank of SS-'' Obergruppenführer''.

From the end of August to the end of October 1934, Bouhler was police president of Munich. In September he was made a member of the Academy for German Law. He was next appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's Chancellery, a post specially created on 17 November 1934 that was first and foremost set aside for party business. He held that position until 23 April 1945. In this job, for instance, secret decrees might be prepared, or internal business managed, before being brought before Hitler. An example of such interactions occurred when Bouhler obtained Hitler's written authorization (a rare occurrence) for the expropriation of the villa that became the center of administrative operations for T4, an act veiled in the bureaucracy that characterized Hitler's leadership style. Meanwhile, Bouhler was also able to get Hitler to sign the document authorizing the euthanasia program itself and while not possessing the force of law, it provided the necessary protection to get once reluctant physicians to participate. Printed on white stationery bearing the German eagle and swastika with Hitler's name embossed, it read:

Reich Leader Bouhler and Dr. med. Brandt are charged with the responsibility of enlarging the competence of certain physicians, designated by name, so that patients who, on the basis of human judgment, are considered incurable, can be granted mercy death after a discerning diagnosis. (signed) A. Hitler

The euthanasia program's first victims were children registered with conditions like "Down's syndrome, micro- and hydrocephaly, serious physical deformities...and cerebral palsy"; these children were examined by three decision makers (Werner Catel, Hans Heinze, and Ernst Wentzler), who after conferral and agreement, put the child to death. For adults destined for euthanasia, Bouhler and Brandt established "secret-service-style" operations at the Tiergartenstrasse 4 (from whence the program acquired its name) location in Berlin, disguising the murders as medical procedures.

Aside from securing the authorization for the T4 Program and overseeing it, when the plans to ship all of Europe's Jewish population to Madagascar was being proposed during the summer of 1940, Bouhler was designated as the East African colony's future governor.

Another of Bouhler's additional duties was to act as chairman of the "Official Party Inspection Commission for the Protection of National Socialist Literature" (''Der Chef der Kanzlei des Führers und Vorsitzender der Parteiamtlichen Prüfungskommission zum Schutze des NS-Schrifttums''), which determined what writings were and were not suitable for Nazi society. Propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels was opposed to this writ-large authority granted to Bouhler over all books, a concern he expressed in a personal diary entry from June 1941.

Bouhler's office was responsible for Hitler's correspondence, which included private and internal communications as well as responding to public inquiries (for example, requests for material help, godfathership, jobs, clemency, NSDAP business, and birthday wishes). These types of responsibility and his direct access to Hitler made Bouhler one of the "major players in Hitler's propaganda system". Bouhler's personal adjutant was SS-'' Sturmbannführer'' Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling. By 1944, many of the ''Kanzlei des Führers'' office functions were absorbed by the Party Chancellery (''Parteikanzlei'') under Martin Bormann, who tried his best to limit all access to Hitler by other party leaders.

Authored work

Bouhler produced a history of the Nazi movement entitled, ''Kampf um Deutschland'' (Fight for Germany) in 1938. Then in 1942, he also published the book ''"Napoleon – Kometenbahn eines Genies"'' (Napoleon – A Genius's Cometary Path), which became a favorite of Hitler's.

War crimes

Bouhler was responsible for the killing of disabled German citizens. By order of Hitler (backdated to 1 September 1939), Bouhler and Karl Brandt developed the Nazis' early euthanasia program, ''Aktion T4'' in which mentally ill, developmentally, and physically disabled people were killed. The actual implementation was supervised by Bouhler. Various methods of killing were tried out. The first killing facility was Schloss Hartheim in Upper Austria. Additional euthanasia facilities were established at Bernburg, Grafeneck, Brandenburg, Sonnenstein, and Hadamar between 1940 and 1941, where approximately 70,000 people were murdered in gas chambers using carbon-monoxide. The knowledge gained from the euthanasia program was later applied to the industrialized annihilation of other groups of people, especially the Jews.

In 1941, Bouhler and Heinrich Himmler initiated Aktion 14f13. They instructed the head of the Hauptamt II ("main office ll") of Hitler's Chancellery, the Oberdienstleiter Viktor Brack to implement this order. Brack was already in charge of various front operations for the T4 program.
The scheme operated under the Concentration Camps Inspector and the ''Reichsführer-SS'' under the name " Special Treatment 14f13". The combination of numbers and letters was derived from the SS record-keeping system and consists of the number "14" for the Concentration Camps Inspector, the letter "f" for the German word "deaths" (''Todesfälle''), and the number "13" for the means of killing, in this case, for gassing in the T4 killing centers.

After the war, Brack claimed that in order to keep the euthanasia program personnel employed after it was halted, Bouhler—in conference with Himmler—ordered him "to send the personnel to Lublin...under the supervision of ''SS-Brigadeführer'' Globocnik"; thereafter, the use of gas chambers for the "specially constructed" Reinhard extermination camps began. During the Nuremberg trials, Brack denied that both his and Bouhler's involvement through the KdF—despite the fact that the two of them visited Globocnik in Lublin—had anything to do with the Final Solution.

Capture and suicide

Bouhler and his wife, Helene, were arrested by American troops at Schloss Fischhorn in Bruck near Zell-am-See on 10 May 1945. Helene jumped to her death from a window at Schloss Fischhorn. On 19 May, Bouhler committed suicide using a cyanide capsule while in the US internment camp at Zell-am-See. The couple had no children.

Awards and Nazi Party decorations

* Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) 1914
* Wound Badge (World War I) in Black
* Blood Order
* War Merit Cross 2nd and 1st Class
* Honour Chevron for the Old Guard

See also

* Action Reinhard

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

*
Phillipp Bouhler Papers
at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

''Adolf Hitler: A Short Sketch of His Life'' by Bouhler
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bouhler, Philipp
1899 births
1945 suicides
1945 deaths
Aktion T4 personnel
German eugenicists
German Army personnel of World War I
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
Greater German People's Community politicians
German police chiefs
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Reichstag 1933
Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936
Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938
Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945
Militant League for German Culture members
Nazis who died by suicide in Austria
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
People from Munich
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
Reichsleiters
SS-Obergruppenführer
Suicides by cyanide poisoning