''Phalium'',
common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contra ...
the bonnet shells, is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of large
sea snails,
marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
* Marine art
* Marine biology
* Marine debris
* Marine habitats
* Marine life
* Marine pollution
Military
* ...
gastropod molluscs in the subfamily
Phaliinae of the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas ...
, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Phalium Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137749 on 2022-01-02]
Taxonomy
Abbott (1968) held a very comprehensive concept of the genus ''Phalium'', to include all the species of the subfamily Phaliinae except those included in ''Casmaria'' H.& A. Adams, 1853. Current authors (Alf, 1997; Beu, 2008) would include in ''Phalium'' only those species which have
varix
A varix (pl. varices) is an abnormally dilated vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels.
Examples of varices include:
* Varicose veins, large tortuous veins ...
es all along the
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...
and have spines around the outer edge of the terminal varix as in ''Casmaria''. Species with predominantly spiral
sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
and with only a terminal varix without spines are currently classified in ''Semicassis''
Mörch, 1852 but often cited under ''Phalium''.
Species
According to the
World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific speciali ...
(WoRMS), the following species with valid names are included within the genus ''Phalium'' :
* ''
Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''
Phalium bandatum
''Phalium bandatum'', common name the banded bonnet, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae.WoRMS (2010). Phalium bandatum. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.o ...
''
(Perry, 1811)
* ''
Phalium decussatum''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''
Phalium evdoxiae''
H. Morrison, 2016
* ''
Phalium exaratum''
(Reeve, 1848)
* ''
Phalium fimbria''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''
Phalium flammiferum''
(Röding, 1798)
* ''
Phalium glaucum''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* † ''
Phalium menkrawitense''
Beets, 1941
* ''
Phalium muangmani''
Raybaudi Massilia & Prati Musetti, 1995
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Phalium adcocki''
(G. B. Sowerby III, 1896): synonym of ''
Semicassis adcocki
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS ...
''
(G. B. Sowerby III, 1896)
* ''Phalium agnitum''
Iredale, 1927: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium andersoni''
Abbott, 1968: synonym of ''
Echinophoria hadra'' (Woodring & Olsson, 1957)
* ''Phalium bisulcatum''
(Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829): synonym of ''
Semicassis bisulcata''
(Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829)
* ''Phalium breviculum''
Tsi & Ma, 1980: synonym of ''Phalium flammiferum''
(Röding, 1798)
* ''Phalium cicatricosum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Semicassis granulata
The Scotch bonnet (''Semicassis granulata'') is a medium-sized to large species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Cassinae, the helmet shells and bonnet shells. The common name "Scotch bonnet" alludes to the general ou ...
''
(Born, 1778)
* ''Phalium clathratum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium coronadoi''
(Crosse, 1867): synonym of ''
Echinophoria coronadoi''
(Crosse, 1867)
* ''Phalium craticulatum''
(Euthyme, 1885): synonym of ''
Semicassis craticulata
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species ( ...
''
(Euthyme, 1885)
* ''Phalium decipiens''
Kilburn, 1980: synonym of ''
Semicassis decipiens
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS ...
''
(Kilburn, 1980) (original combination)
* ''Phalium denisi''
Salmon, 1948: synonym of ''
Semicassis angasi
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species ( ...
''
(Iredale, 1927)
* ''Phalium edentulum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''
Casmaria erinaceus
''Casmaria erinaceus'', common name : the common bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Description
The size of an adult shell varies between 20 ...
''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium extinctum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium faurotis''
(Jousseaume, 1888): synonym of ''
Semicassis faurotis
''Phalium faurotis'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Semicassis faurotis (Jousseaume, 1888). Accessed through: Wo ...
''
(Jousseaume, 1888)
* ''Phalium fibratum''
P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1920 †: synonym of ''
Semicassis fibrata
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species ( ...
''
(P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1920) †
* ''Phalium fimbriata''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Phalium fimbria''
(Gmelin, 1791) (misspelling)
* ''Phalium glabratum''
(Dunker, 1852): synonym of ''
Semicassis glabrata
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species ( ...
''
(Dunker, 1852)
* ''Phalium grangei''
Marwick, 1926 †: synonym of ''
Echinophoria grangei
''Echinophoria'' is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.Bouchet, P. (2010). Echinophoria Sacco, 1890. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mol ...
''
(Marwick, 1926) †
* ''Phalium granulatum''
(Von Born, 1778): synonym of ''
Semicassis granulata
The Scotch bonnet (''Semicassis granulata'') is a medium-sized to large species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Cassinae, the helmet shells and bonnet shells. The common name "Scotch bonnet" alludes to the general ou ...
''
(Born, 1778)
* ''Phalium hectori''
Abbott, 1968 †: synonym of ''
Echinophoria pollens
''Echinophoria'' is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.Bouchet, P. (2010). Echinophoria Sacco, 1890. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mol ...
''
(Finlay, 1926) †
* ''Phalium iheringi''
Carcelles, 1953: synonym of ''
Semicassis zeylanica
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS ...
''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium inornatum'' Pilsbry, 1895 : synonym of ''
Semicassis inornata'' (Pilsbry, 1895)
* ''Phalium kurodai'' Abbott, 1968 : synonym of ''
Echinophoria wyvillei
''Echinophoria'' is a genus of large sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.Bouchet, P. (2010). Echinophoria Sacco, 1890. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Ros ...
'' (Watson, 1886)
* ''Phalium labiatum''
(Perry, 1811): synonym of ''
Semicassis labiata''
(Perry, 1811)
* ''Phalium microstoma''
(E. von Martens, 1904): synonym of ''
Semicassis microstoma''
(E. von Martens, 1904)
* ''Phalium pila''
(Reeve, 1848): synonym of ''
Semicassis bisulcata''
(Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829)
* ''Phalium ponderosa''
ic synonym of Phalium ponderosum (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa
''Casmaria ponderosa'', common name the heavy bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Subspecies
*'' Casmaria ponderosa perryi'' (Iredale, T., 1912): sy ...
''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium ponderosum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa
''Casmaria ponderosa'', common name the heavy bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Subspecies
*'' Casmaria ponderosa perryi'' (Iredale, T., 1912): sy ...
''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium pseudobandatum''
S. K. Tan, H. E. Ng & Nguang, 2013: synonym of ''Phalium bandatum''
(Perry, 1811)
* ''Phalium pyrum''
(Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''
Semicassis pyrum
''Semicassis pyrum'', common name the "pear bonnet" or "common helmet", is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large ...
''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium quadratum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa
''Casmaria ponderosa'', common name the heavy bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Subspecies
*'' Casmaria ponderosa perryi'' (Iredale, T., 1912): sy ...
''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium saburon'' (Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of ''
Semicassis saburon''
(Bruguière, 1792)
* ''Phalium semigranosum''
(Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''
Semicassis semigranosa''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium skinneri''
Marwick, 1928 †: synonym of ''
Semicassis skinneri
''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS ...
''
(Marwick, 1928) †
* ''Phalium stadiale''
(Hedley, 1914): synonym of ''
Semicassis pyrum
''Semicassis pyrum'', common name the "pear bonnet" or "common helmet", is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large ...
''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium strigatum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Phalium flammiferum''
(Röding, 1798)
* ''Phalium sulcatum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium torquatum''
Reeve, 1848: synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa
''Casmaria ponderosa'', common name the heavy bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Subspecies
*'' Casmaria ponderosa perryi'' (Iredale, T., 1912): sy ...
''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium undulatum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Semicassis granulata
The Scotch bonnet (''Semicassis granulata'') is a medium-sized to large species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Cassinae, the helmet shells and bonnet shells. The common name "Scotch bonnet" alludes to the general ou ...
''
(Born, 1778)
* ''Phalium vibex''
Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''
Casmaria erinaceus
''Casmaria erinaceus'', common name : the common bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Description
The size of an adult shell varies between 20 ...
''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium whitworthi''
Abbott, 1968: synonym of ''
Semicassis whitworthi''
(Abbott, 1968)
References
* Abbott, R.T. (1968). ''The Helmet shells of the world (Cassidae) Part 1. Indo-pacific Mollusca 2(9): 7-201''
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 (
* Beu A.G. 2008: ''Recent deep-water Cassidae of the world. A revision of Galeodea, Oocorys, Sconsia, Echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda)''. In Héros V., Cowie R.H. & Bouchet P. (eds), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 196: 269-387
* Kreipl K. 1997. ''Recent Cassidae''. Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, 151 p
Cassidae
{{Cassidae-stub