''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of forty-five species of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the orchid family,

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

. They are

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

herbs In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...

which form clumps with crowded, sometimes stem-like pseudobulbs, large, pleated leaves and relatively large, often colourful flowers. Species in this genus are found in the

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

parts of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

, Australia, and various islands of the

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

and

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...

s. One species is also naturalized in

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only ...

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...

, and the Caribbean.Biota of North America Program, county distribution map
/ref>

Description

Orchids in the genus ''Phaius'' are evergreen, terrestrial,

sympodial Sympodial growth is a bifurcating branching pattern where one branch develops more strongly than the other, resulting in the stronger branches forming the primary shoot and the weaker branches appearing laterally. A sympodium, also referred to a ...

herbs with thin underground rhizomes and crowded above ground, sometimes stem-like pseudobulbs. There are several pleated, stalked leaves emerging from the pseudobulb. The flower stalk is unbranched and bears a few to many moderately large,

resupinate Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". "Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward". The word " ...

, often colourful flowers. The

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined ...

s and

petal Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...

s are similar in size and shape and the labellum has three lobes and a shallow pouch near its base.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Phaius'' was first formally described in 1790 by

João de Loureiro João de Loureiro (1717, Lisbon – 18 October 1791) was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and botanist. Biography After receiving admission to the Jesuit Order, João de Loureiro served as a missionary in Goa, capital of Portuguese India ...

and the description was published in his book ''Flora Cochinchinensis''. The

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

(''Phaius'') is derived from the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

word ''phaios'' meaning "dusky" or "brown", referring to the brownish colour of the flowers of many species in this genus.

List of species

The following is a list of ''Phaius'' species recognised by the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected pl ...

as at October 2018: *''

Phaius amboinensis ''Phaius amboinensis'', commonly known as Arnhem Land swamp orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is native to areas from Malesia through to New Guinea, Australia and islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is an evergreen, terrestrial herb with ...

'' Blume (1856) *''

Phaius baconii ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' J.J.Wood & Shim (1994) *'' Phaius borneensis'' J.J.Sm. (1903) *''

Phaius callosus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' (Blume) Lindl. (1831) *'' Phaius columnaris'' C.Z.Tang & S.J.Chen (1985) *'' Phaius cooperi'' Rolfe (1858) *''

Phaius corymbioides ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' Schltr. (1911) *'' Phaius daenikeri'' Kraenzl. (1929) *'' Phaius ecalcaratus'' J.J.Sm., (1911) *'' Phaius flavus'' (Blume) Lindl., (1831) *'' Phaius fragilis''

L.O.Williams Louis Otho (Otto) Williams (1908-1991) was a botanist from Wyoming. He received his BA and MA from the University of Wyoming then a PhD from Washington University in St. Louis. He went on to be editor of the '' American Orchid Society Bulletin''. Wh ...

(1938) *''

Phaius grandiflorus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which fo ...

'' ( Nadeaud)

Govaerts Govaerts/Govaert is a Flemish or Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Abraham Govaerts (1589–1626), Flemish painter *Benny Govaerts, Belgian Paralympian athlete *Hendrick Govaerts (1669-1720), Flemish painter *Jacqueline Govaer ...

(2011) *'' Phaius gratus'' Blume (1856) *'' Phaius hainanensis'' C.Z.Tang & S.J.Chen (1982) *'' Phaius hekouensis'' Tsukaya, M.Nakaj. & S.K.Wu (2010) *''

Phaius indigoferus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' Hassk. (1842) *''

Phaius indochinensis ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which fo ...

'' Seidenf. & Ormerod (1995) *'' Phaius labiatus'' J.J.Sm. (1920) *'' Phaius landyae'' P.J.Cribb & J.V.Stone (2017) *'' Phaius leonidii'' P.J.Cribb & J.V.Stone (2017) *''

Phaius longicornu ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, Terrestrial plant, terrestrial ...

'' Guillaumin (1957) *''

Phaius luridus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' Thwaites (1861) *'' Phaius lyonii'' Ames (1915) *'' Phaius mannii'' Rchb.f. (1881) *'' Phaius mishmensis'' (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb.f. (1857) *'' Phaius montanus'' Schltr. (1912) *''

Phaius nanus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' Hook.f. (1890) *'' Phaius occidentalis'' Schltr. (1903) *''

Phaius pauciflorus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' (Blume) Blume (1856) **''Phaius pauciflorus var. pallidus'' ( Ridl.) Holttum (1947) **''Phaius pauciflorus subsp. pauciflorus'' **''Phaius pauciflorus var. punctatus'' (Lindl.) J.J.Sm. (1920) **''Phaius pauciflorus subsp. sabahensis'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (1993) **''Phaius pauciflorus var. sumatranus'' J.J.Sm. (1920) *'' Phaius philippinensis'' N.E.Br. (1889) *'' Phaius pictus'' T.E.Hunt (1952) (accepted by

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) is an association of the leaders of herbaria in Australia and New Zealand. It is governed by a constitution. It endorses the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Australian Plant Census, which is the so ...

) *'' Phaius pulchellus'' Kraenzl. (1882) **''Phaius pulchellus var. ambrensis''

Bosser Bosser is a surname. It derives from ''bosser'', a Breton word meaning "butcher". Notable people with the surname include: *Jean Marie Bosser (1922–2013), French botanist * Jean-Pierre Bosser (born 1959), French army general * Jean-Pierre Bosser ...

(1971) **''Phaius pulchellus var. andrambovatensis'' Bosser (1971) **''Phaius pulchellus var. pulchellus'' **''Phaius pulchellus var. sandrangatensis'' Bosser (1971) *''

Phaius reflexipetalus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' J.J.Wood & Shim (1994) *'' Phaius robertsii'' F.Muell. (1883) *''

Phaius sinensis ''Phaius tankervilleae'', commonly known as the greater swamp-orchid, swamp lily, swamp orchid, nun's-hood orchid, nun's orchid, veiled orchid, Lady Tankerville's swamp orchid or 鹤顶兰 (he ding lan), is a species of orchid native to areas fr ...

'' Rolfe (1913) *'' Phaius stenocentron'' Schltr. (1911) *'' Phaius subtrilobus'' Ames & C.Schweinf. (1920) *'' Phaius takeoi'' ( Hayata) H.J.Su (1989) *'' Phaius tanjiewhoei'' P.J.Cribb, J.V.Stone & P.O'Byrne (2017) *''

Phaius tankervilleae ''Phaius tankervilleae'', commonly known as the greater swamp-orchid, swamp lily, swamp orchid, nun's-hood orchid, nun's orchid, veiled orchid, Lady Tankerville's swamp orchid or 鹤顶兰 (he ding lan), is a species of orchid native to areas f ...

'' ( Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume (1856) **''Phaius tankervilleae'' var. ''antoninae'' ( P.Balzer) J.V.Stone & P.J.Cribb (2017) ** ''Phaius tankervilleae'' var. ''australis'' ( F.Muell.) J.V.Stone & P.J.Cribb (2017) **''Phaius tankervilleae'' var. ''baolocensis'' ( Duy, Tao Chen & D.X.Zhang) J.V.Stone & P.J.Cribb (2017) ** ''Phaius tankervilleae'' var. ''bernaysii'' (F.Muell. ex Rchb.f.) J.V.Stone & P.J.Cribb (2017) **''Phaius tankervilleae'' var. ''devogelii'' J.V.Stone & P.J.Cribb (2017) **''Phaius tankervilleae'' var. ''tankervilleae'' *'' Phaius tenuis'' Rchb.f. (1857) *'' Phaius tetragonus'' (Thouars) Rchb.f. (1855) *''

Phaius tonkinensis ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' (Aver.) (2005) *''

Phaius trichoneurus ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' Schltr. (1925) *''

Phaius wallichii ''Phaius'', commonly known as swamp orchids or in Chinese as 鶴頂蘭屬/鹤顶兰属 (he ding lan shu), is a genus of forty-five species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. They are evergreen, terrestrial herbs which form c ...

'' Lindl. (1831) *'' Phaius wenshanensis'' F.Y.Liu (1991)

Distribution

Orchids in the genus ''Phaius'' are found in

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

, tropical and subtropical China,

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

, New Caledonia,

Polynesia Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...

and Australia. Nine species, four of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

, occur in China and three species including two endemics are found in Australia. The Australian species are found in

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

, the

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Au ...

and

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2719951 Collabieae genera