The Petroleum Executive was a UK government body established during World War I to regulate the production, import, storage, allocation, distribution and use of

petroleum Petroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. The term ''petroleum'' refers both to naturally occurring un ...

and petroleum products throughout the United Kingdom.

Background

The successful operation of the mechanised

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

was critically dependent on the availability of petroleum and petroleum products. New weapons such as aircraft and tanks; together with transport and logistics required petroleum for their operation.

High explosives An explosive (or explosive material) is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. An exp ...

such as

TNT Troponin T (shortened TnT or TropT) is a part of the troponin complex, which are proteins integral to the contraction of skeletal and heart muscles. They are expressed in skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Troponin T binds to tropomyosin and helps ...

was made from

toluol Toluene (), also known as toluol (), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula , often abbreviated as , where Ph stands for the phenyl group. It is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the odor associated with paint ...

derived from petroleum. But the most critical use was in shipping for the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

and merchant fleets. Three quarters of Britain's oil came from the United States. By early 1917 German submarines made special efforts to attack petroleum tankers. As a result, British Admiralty officials identified that there would soon be a critical shortage of fuel. Fleet commanders were given notice to restrict the operation of their vessels. The instigation of the convoy system, with merchant shipping protected by Naval vessels, improved the supply of petroleum.Martin William Gibson, ''British Strategy and Oil, 1914-1923''. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow, 17 January 2012 There was also a domestic fuel shortage, in part a consequence of the Navy's demand. The

Admiralty Admiralty most often refers to: *Admiralty, Hong Kong * Admiralty (United Kingdom), military department in command of the Royal Navy from 1707 to 1964 *The rank of admiral *Admiralty law Admiralty can also refer to: Buildings * Admiralty, Tra ...

requisitioned so many tankers for its own needs that there were insufficient to carry petrol. Stocks of petrol fell from 36 million gallons on 1 January 1916 to 12.5 million gallons on 31 July 1916. The supply crisis prompted the government to act. On 22 May 1917 the War Cabinet instructed Walter Long, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, to examine the whole question of petroleum supplies.

Petroleum Executive

The Petroleum Executive was established in December 1917. Long was the Minister-in-charge and he appointed Professor John Cadman as the Director. Cadman was the liaison officer between various government departments. The Executive's remit was to ensure that all military and naval services had adequate supplies of oil, to address issues of general policy, and to co-ordinate those Government departments with an interest in petroleum. Supplies were allocated and rationed with the armed forces given priority. The Petroleum Executive had taken steps to get control over as much oil as possible. Domestic production was also encouraged; as one American observer noted ‘the Petroleum Executive was untiring in its effort to stimulate the production within the United Kingdom of oil suitable for use as fuel, whether from

coal tar Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. It is a type of creosote. It has both medical and industrial uses. Medicinally it is a topical medication applied to skin to treat psoria ...

and blast furnaces or the distillation of Scotch shales, of cannel coals, or of pitch and coal tar’. The Petroleum Executive was established in wartime over a crisis in Britain's oil supplies; after the war, the government had to decide whether to have a body to co-ordinate oil policy. Long and Cadman wanted to eventually develop the Executive into a Ministry of Petroleum, but this would need departments to relinquish control over their interests in petroleum. The independent Petroleum Executive was retained for a few years, but in 1922 it was retrenched into the

Board of Trade The Board of Trade is a British government body concerned with commerce and industry, currently within the Department for Business and Trade. Its full title is The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of ...

as a cost cutting measure. In the interwar period the strategic production, storage and use of oil was overseen by the

Committee of Imperial Defence The Committee of Imperial Defence was an important ''ad hoc'' part of the Government of the United Kingdom and the British Empire from just after the Second Boer War until the start of the Second World War. It was responsible for research, and so ...

: Oil Fuel Board (1925-1939). Topics covered include civil and military requirements for oil, oil requirements in war-time, tanker tonnage and oil stocks, oil from coal and the treatment of coal. At the outbreak of World War 2 the Petroleum Board was established.

Personnel

Notable people and their role in the Petroleum Executive were: * Walter Hume Long, later Viscount Long (1954-1924), MP Secretary of State for the Colonies * Sir John Cadman, later Baron Cadman (1877-1941), Director 1917-21 * Sir Boverton Redwood (1846-1919), Director of Technical Investigation 1917-19 * Edward S. Shrapnell-Smith (1875-1952), deputy director, Chief Economy Advisor 1917-19 * Edward H. C. Craig (1874-1946), Geological Advisor 1917-1918 * John Courtenay Clarke (18?? -1936), deputy director then Director 1917-18

Location

The headquarters of the Petroleum Executive was at 8 Northumberland Avenue London WC2 from 1917 to 1919, from April 1919 it was at 12 Berkeley Street W1.

Other governmental oil committees

Source: * Admiralty Oil Committee (1903-6) * Admiralty Oil Committee (1911-2) * Admiralty Standing Committee on Liquid Fuel * Cabinet Committee on Oil Company Amalgamation * Inter-departmental Oil Committee * Joint Oil Committee (1904-6)

References