Peter Sinks

Peter Sinks is a natural sinkhole in northern Utah that is one of the coldest places in the contiguous United States.

Peter Sinks is located above sea level, in the Bear River Mountains about northeast of Logan, within the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Due to temperature inversions that trap cold nighttime air, it routinely produces the lowest temperatures in the contiguous United States. Even in the summer, the bottom of the sinkhole rarely goes four consecutive days without freezing. It is so cold near the bottom of the hole that trees are unable to grow.

Geology

Peter Sinks lies within the Bear River Mountains of Northern Utah. Composed primarily of limestone and dolomite, water flowing through the groundwater system of the mountain range erodes portions of the material to create caverns by dissolving material within the carbonate rocks. Once these voids reach a large enough size, the ground above will collapse into them to create sinkholes and other karst topography.

Peter Sinks is composed of two depressions formed this way. Three other sinkholes, South, Middle, and North, are located just east of Peter Sinks with U.S. Route 89 running through the North Sink. Erosion of these sinks was enhanced by the presence of faulting. Holocene seismicity and faulting in the Bear River Range is associated with the migration of the Yellowstone hotspot located under Yellowstone National Park, which lies to the north of the region, mainly in Wyoming.

Climate

Peter Sinks, sitting at an elevation of , is a natural limestone sinkhole (a doline) approximately wide and has no valley outlet to drain water or air. It is one of the coldest spots in the contiguous United States.

During calm, cloudless nights, this high-elevation basin dissipates daytime heat rapidly into the atmosphere. Cool, dense air can then slide downwards towards the basin floor in a process known as cold-air pooling. Consequently, extremely low temperatures can occur, particularly in the wake of arctic fronts in winter. According to the Köppen climate classification, it has a continental subalpine climate, abbreviated ''Dsc'', though the exceptional attributes of this climate preclude one of the hallmark features of the climate type, the boreal forest, which, as Köppen based the system around vegetation distribution, indicates that Peter Sinks stretches the limits of the system.

Extreme cold

On February 1, 1985, a temperature of was recorded there, the lowest recorded temperature in Utah, and the second-lowest temperature ever recorded in the contiguous United States. The lowest recorded temperature was at Rogers Pass, Montana, in 1954.

Peter Sinks' meteorological significance was discovered by Utah State University student Zane Stephens in 1983. Stephens, along with the Utah Climate Center, placed measuring instruments in the valley in the winter of 1984. On February 1, 1985, Peter Sinks dropped to , while another nearby valley, Middle Sink, located to the north-east, dropped to . Stephens hiked into Middle Sink along with Burns Israelsen to record the temperature personally. He then flew into Peter Sinks in a KUTV television station helicopter with broadcasting meteorologist Mark Eubank. State climatologist Gayle Bingham also traveled to the area and confirmed the temperature. The alcohol thermometer being used was retrieved and sent to the Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., to confirm the temperature.

Since 1985, Peter Sinks and Middle Sink have been studied extensively by Stephens and Tim Wright with the use of Campbell Scientific weather equipment. On January 29, 2002, and again on January 30, 2023, the temperature dropped to at Middle Sink. Stephens and Wright's main study is the change in temperature through the inversion at these sites. These valleys act like a dam trapping cold air, with the coldest of the air settling to the bottom of the valley. Stephens and Wright have found that temperatures between the cold air "lake" and the warmer air above the valley can differ by as much as .

See also

* List of sinkholes of the United States

References

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External links

Peter Sinks - Utah Climate Center
- real-time temperature monitoring of Peter Sinks and rim temperatures. Maintained by the Utah Climate Center


- current project by Utah State University for onsite remote automated monitoring at Peter Sinks


by John Horel in 1999 - includes map and photos
* {{cite web , title= The Coldest Places on Earth , url= http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=12 , date= January 19, 2011, publisher= Wunderground.com

Mountain meteorology
Protected areas of Cache County, Utah
Sinkholes of the United States
Landforms of Cache County, Utah