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A personality development disorder is an inflexible and pervasive pattern of inner experience and behavior in children and adolescents, that markedly deviates from the expectations of the individual's culture. Personality disorder; the personality development which behavioral patterns and characteristics develop over time Personality development disorder is not recognized as a
mental disorder A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitti ...
in any of the medical manuals, such as the
ICD-10 ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms ...
or the
DSM-IV The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM; latest edition: DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common langu ...
, nor the more recent
DSM-5 The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'' (DSM-5), is the 2013 update to the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'', the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric ...
. DSM-IV allows the diagnosis of
personality disorders Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's cultur ...
in children and adolescents only as an exception. This diagnosis is currently proposed by a few authors in Germany.*Adam, A. & Breithaupt-Peters, M. (2010). ''Persönlichkeitentwicklungsstörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen''. Stuttgart:
Kohlhammer Verlag W. Kohlhammer Verlag GmbH, or Kohlhammer Verlag, is a German publishing house headquartered in Stuttgart. History Kohlhammer Verlag was founded in Stuttgart on 30 April 1866 by . Kohlhammer had taken over the businesses of his late father-in-l ...
. ()
The term personality ''development'' disorder is used to emphasize the changes in
personality development Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits. Personality development is ever-changing and subject to cont ...
which might still take place and the open outcome during development. Personality development disorder is considered to be a childhood risk factor or early stage of a later personality disorder in adulthood. Adults usually show personality patterns over a long duration of time. Children and adolescents however still show marked changes in personality development. Some of these children and adolescents have a hard time developing their personalities in an ordinary way. DSM-IV states, for example, that children and adolescents are at higher risk to develop an antisocial personality disorder if they showed signs of
conduct disorder Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that includes theft, lies, physical violence that may lead to destruction, and reckle ...
and
attention deficit disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by excessive amounts of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappro ...
before the age of 10. This led Adam & Breithaupt-Peters (2010) to the idea that these children and adolescents need to be looked at more carefully. The therapy which these children and adolescents need might be more intense and maybe even different from looking at the disorders traditionally. The concept of personality development disorders also focuses on the severity of the disorder and the poor prognosis. An early diagnosis might help to get the right treatment at an early stage and thus might help to prevent a personality disorder outcome in adulthood.


Description

Similar to the adult diagnosis personality disorder these children display enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior deviating markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. These patterns are inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations, lead to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning and they are stable and of long duration (more than a year). The term personality development disorder (Persönlichkeitsentwicklungsstörung) was first used in German by Spiel & Spiel (1987). Adam & Breithaupt-Peters (2010) adapted the term to a more modern concept and suggested the following definition.


Cause

Similar to adult personality disorders there are multiple causes and causal interactions for personality development disorders. In clinical practice it is important to view the disorder multi-perspectively and from an individual perspective. Biological and neurological causes need to be observed just as much as psychosocial factors. Looking at the disorder from only one perspective (e.g. (s)he had a bad childhood) often results in ignorance of important other factors or causal interactions. This might be one of the main reasons why traditional treatment methods often fail with these disorders. Only a multi-perspective view can provide for a multi-dimensional treatment approach which seems to be the key for these disorders. ''Causes of personality disorder :'' ''Genetics ;researcher’s have began identifying some genetic factors behind personality disorders.'' ''Childhood trauma'' ''Verbal abuse'' ''High reactivity'' Peers ''Risk factors: Personality development and personality disorders causes are unknown till present day but certain factors can trigger the development of personality traits;'' ''Family history ,abusive history , family chaotic relationships during childhood or present, Differences in brain chemistry and construction.''


Diagnosis

The
diagnosis Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine " cause and effect". In systems engin ...
personality development disorder should only be given carefully and after a longer period of evaluation. Also a thorough diagnostic evaluation is necessary. Parents should be questioned separately and together with the child or adolescent to evaluate the severity and duration of the problems. In addition standardized
personality tests A personality test is a method of assessing human personality constructs. Most personality assessment instruments (despite being loosely referred to as "personality tests") are in fact introspective (i.e., subjective) self-report questionnaire ( ...
might be helpful. It is also useful to ask the family what treatment approaches they have already tried so far without success. ''Symptoms: types of personality disorders are grouped differently depending on the thinking and personality perception. There is 3 different personality clusters cluster A, Cluster B and Cluster C.'' ''Cluster A personality disorders are characterized as odd and uncommon thinking or behavior. This includes paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder.'' ''Cluster B : Disorders are distinguished as overly emotional leading up to unpredictable thinking/behavior, and being overly dramatic. This cluster includes; antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.'' ''Cluster C : Disorders are identified as fearful and anxious behavior .  Cluster C includes avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.'' ''Diagnosis: If your medical provider believes you might have a personality development disorder he or she might provide a physical exam, psychiatrist evaluation , Diagnostic criteria in the DSM.''


Definition

According to Adam and Breithaupt-Peters personality development disorders are defined as complex disorders * which show similarity to a certain type of personality disorder in adulthood * which persist over a long period of time (more than a year) and show a tendency towards being chronic * which have a severe negative impact on more than one important area of functioning or social life * which show resistance to traditional educational and therapeutic treatment methods * which result in a reduced insight into or ignorance of the own problem behavior. The family is usually negatively affected more than the child or adolescent and has a hard time dealing with the diminished introspection. * which make positive interactions between the children/adolescents and other people merely impossible. Instead social collisions are part of everyday life. * which threaten the social integration of the young person into a social life and might result in an emotional disability.


Treatment

Personality development disorders usually need a complex and multi-dimensional treatment approach (Adam & Breithaupt-Peters, 2010). Since the problems are complex, treatment needs to affect the conditions in all impaired functional and social areas. Both educational and therapeutic methods are helpful and problem and strength based approaches work hand in hand. Parents need to be included as well as the school environment. Treatment methods need to be flexible and adjustable to the individual situation. Even elements of social work can be helpful when supporting the families and in some cases medication might be necessary. When suicidal behaviors or self-injuries are prominent treatment might best be done in a hospital. For some personality development disorders (e.g.
borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong ...
) treatment methods from adults can be adapted (e.g. dialectical behavior therapy, Miller et al., 2006).


See also

*
Macdonald triad The Macdonald triad (also known as the ''triad of sociopathy'' or the '' homicidal triad'') is a set of three factors, the presence of any two of which are considered to be predictive of, or associated with, violent tendencies, particularly with ...
*
Personality development Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits. Personality development is ever-changing and subject to cont ...
*
Personality disorder Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's cultur ...


References


Literature

* Bleiberg, E. (2004). ''Treating Personality Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Relational Approach''. New York, NY: Guildford Press. () * Freeman, A. (2007). ''Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence''. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. () * Kernberg, P.; Weiner, A. & Bardenstein, K. (2000). ''Personality Disorders in Children and Adolescents''. New York, NY: Basic Books. () * Miller, A.; Rathus, J.; Linehan, M. & Swenson, C. (2006). ''Dialectical Behavior Therapy with Suicidal Adolescents''. New York, NY: Guilford Press ({{ISBN, 978-1593853839) * Spiel, W. & Spiel, G. (1987). ''Kompendium der Kinder- und Jugendneuropsychiatrie''. München, Basel: Ernst Reinhard. * Versonnen, F. & Tuinier, S. (2008). From personality disorder towards personality development disorders. ''European Psychiatry'', Volume 23, Supplement 2, S98 (16th AEP Congress - Abstract book, 16th AEP Congress). * https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463#:~:text=Personality%20forms%20during%20childhood%2C%20shaped,are%20sometimes%20called%20your%20temperament. https://www.apa.org/topics/personality-disorders/causes Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood Personality disorders