''Persicula'' is a
taxonomic
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of minute to small
predatory
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...
sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...
s,
marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
* Marine art
* Marine biology
* Marine debris
* Marine habitats
* Marine life
* Marine pollution
Military
* ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s. It includes several species which are
micromollusk
A micromollusk is a shelled mollusk which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied to marine mollusks, although in addition, numerous species of land snails and freshwater mollusks also ...
s.
[Persicula Schumacher, 1817. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137882 on 2010-12-05]
This genus is placed in the family
Cystiscidae
Cystiscidae is a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Description
The shell is minute to large, either white, uniformly colored, or patterned; the surface is smooth, sculptured, or axially costate; ...
. It was previously in the family
Marginellidae the margin snails. Both families are within the order
Neogastropoda
Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs.
Description
The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...
.
(Note: Gastropod
taxonomy
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
has been in flux for more than half a century, and this is especially true currently, because of new research in
molecular
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...
phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...
. Because of all the ongoing changes, different reliable sources can yield very different classifications.)
Habitat
Species in this genus live from the
intertidal zone
The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore, is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide (in other words, the area within the tidal range). This area can include several types of habitats with various species o ...
to 370 m in depth.
Shell description
In this genus the
shell is minute to small. It can be uniformly colored or white, and the color can be patterned. The shell is moderately thick to thick. The
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...
is usually immersed. The lip of the
aperture
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
An opt ...
is thickened, and weakly to strongly lirate.
An external
varix
A varix (pl. varices) is an abnormally dilated vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels.
Examples of varices include:
* Varicose veins, large tortuous veins usua ...
can be present or absent. There is a distinct siphonal notch present and a posterior notch is also present. The columella is multiplicate, with 4 to 13 plications plus parietal lirae.
Description of soft parts
The animal has long
tentacle
In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, and elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates. In animal anatomy, tentacles usually occur in one or more pairs. Anatomically, the tentacles of animals work main ...
s, and the siphon is also usually long. The
mantle
A mantle is a piece of clothing, a type of cloak. Several other meanings are derived from that.
Mantle may refer to:
*Mantle (clothing), a cloak-like garment worn mainly by women as fashionable outerwear
**Mantle (vesture), an Eastern Orthodox ve ...
appears not to extend completely over the external shell surface.
Species
The separation between the genera ''Persicula'' and ''
Gibberula
''Gibberula'' is a genus of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae, previously placed in the family Marginellidae, the margin shells or marginellids.
(Note: Gastropod taxonomy has been in flux for ...
'' is not well-defined. It is based on morphological differences with the larger species (showing a complex color pattern) belonging to ''Persicula'', while the smaller species (showing a banded or uniform color pattern) belong to ''Gibberula''. Many species with characteristics that fall between the two extremes, are ambiguous. Up to now (2010) there is no
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
analysis to substantiate this rather arbitrary classification.
According to the
World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...
(WoRMS), the following species with valid names are included within the genus ''Persicula'' :
* ''
Persicula accola''
B. Roth & Coan, 1968
* ''
Persicula albomaculata''
(May, 1911)
* ''
Persicula bagne''
Faber, 2006
* ''
Persicula bahamasensis''
Petuch, 2002
* ''
Persicula bandera''
Coan & Roth, 1965
* ''
Persicula blanda''
Hinds, 1844
* ''
Persicula brinkae''
Bozzetti, 1993
* ''
Persicula calculus''
(Redfield, 1870)
*''
Persicula canaryensis''
(Clover, 1972)
* ''
Persicula chrysomelina''
(Redfield, 1848)
* ''
Persicula cingulata
''Persicula cingulata'' is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
Description
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Senegal, Mauritania and the Cape Verdes
References
...
''
( Dillwyn, 1817)
* ''
Persicula cordorae''
Jong & Coomans, 1988
* ''
Persicula cornea''
( Lamarck, 1822)
*''
Persicula danilai''
Bozzetti, 1992
*''
Persicula deburghi''
A. Adams, 1864
*''
Persicula denansiana''
Ancey, 1881
* ''
Persicula enolae''
Le Béon, 2014
*''
Persicula frumentum''
(Sowerby I
George Brettingham Sowerby I (12 August 1788 – 26 July 1854) was a British natural history, naturalist, illustrator and Conchology, conchologist.
Life
He was the second son of James Sowerby. George was educated at home under private tutors, ...
, 1832)
* ''
Persicula hennequini''
Boyer, Neefs & Wickfield, 1998
* ''
Persicula hilli''
Smith, 1950
*''
Persicula imbricata''
Hinds, 1844
* ''
Persicula ingridmariae''
T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2019
* ''
Persicula interruptolineata''
( Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816)
* ''
Persicula janae''
T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2019
* ''
Persicula maculosa''
(Kiener
Louis Charles Kiener (31 July 1799 – 24 July 1881) was a French malacologist born in Paris.
He was the author of the 12-volume ''Spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes comprenant la collection du Muséum d'histoire naturelle ...
, 1834)
* ''
Persicula maldiviana''
Cossignani, 2001
* ''
Persicula margotae''
Le Béon, 2015
* ''
Persicula masirana''
Roth & Petit, 1972
* ''
Persicula moretzsohni''
Coltro, 2020
* ''
Persicula multilineata''
Sowerby II, 1846
* ''
Persicula muralis''
Hinds, 1844
* ''
Persicula passamontii''
T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2019
* ''
Persicula persicula''
( Linnaeus, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
)
*''
Persicula phrygia''
Sowerby III, 1846
* ''
Persicula porcellana''
Gmelin Gmelin may refer to:
* Gmelin's test, a chemical test
* Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin
People
* Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...
, 1791
* ''
Persicula pulcherrima''
Gaskoin, 1849
* ''
Persicula quemeneri''
Cossignani, 2001
*''
Persicula rashafuni''
Bozzetti, 1993
*''
Persicula robusta''
Sowerby III, 1904
*''
Persicula sagittata''
Hinds, 1844
*''
Persicula shepstonensis
''Persicula shepstonensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae
Cystiscidae is a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Description
The shell is minute ...
''
Smith, 1906
* ''
Persicula tessellata''
(Lamarck, 1822)
*''
Persicula testai''
Bozzetti, 1993
*''
Persicula vanpeli''
Moolenbeek & van der Bijl, 2008
*''
Persicula weberi''
Olsson & McGinty, 1958
; Taxa inquirenda:
* ''
Persicula adamsiana''
Pilsbry & Love, 1932
* ''
Persicula bulbulina''
Locard, 1897
* ''
Persicula crossei''
Vélain, 1877
* ''
Persicula glandina''
Vélain, 1877
* ''
Persicula polyodonta''
Vélain, 1877
Synonyms
* ''Persicula alborubida''
Barnard, 1969: synonym of ''
Cystiscus pseustes
Cystiscus is a taxonomic genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
This genus was placed in the family Cystiscidae by Coovert and Coovert, 1995. Previously the genus was in the family Marginellidae, where it is stil ...
''
(E. A. Smith, 1904)
* ''Persicula aldridgei''
Nowell-Usticke, 1969: synonym of ''
Gibberula aldridgei''
(Nowell-Usticke, 1969) (original combination)
* ''Persicula cassidiforme''
Gaskoin, 1853 : synonym of ''
Pachybathron cassidiforme''
(Gaskoin, 1853)
* ''Persicula catenata''
Montagu, 1803 : synonym of ''
Gibberula catenata''
(Montagu, 1803)
* ''Persicula chudeaui''
Bavay: synonym of ''
Gibberula chudeaui''
(Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1910)
* ''Persicula cypraeoides''
Adams, 1845 : synonym of ''
Pachybathron cypraeoides''
(Adams, C.B., 1845)
* ''Persicula dalli''
Morretes, 1941: synonym of ''
Archierato dalli''
(Morretes, 1941) (original combination)
* ''Persicula dentiformis''
Thiele, 1930: synonym of ''
Gibberula dentiformis''
(Thiele, 1930)
* ''Persicula fluctuata''
Adams, 1850 : synonym of ''
Gibberula fluctuata''
(Adams, 1850)
* ''Persicula grisea''
Jousseaume, 1875: synonym of ''
Cryptospira grisea
''Cryptospira'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Pruninae of the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species with valid nam ...
''
(Jousseaume, 1875) (original combination)
* ''Persicula kienerianum''
Petit, 1838 : synonym of ''
Pachybathron kieneriana''
(Petit de la Saussaye, S., 1838)
* ''Persicula lucens''
Locard, 1897: synonym of ''Persicula blanda''
(Hinds, 1844)
* ''Persicula lucida''
(Marrat, 1877): synonym of ''
Hyalina lucida''
(Marrat, 1877)
* ''Persicula maculata''
Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Persicula persicula''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Persicula maldiviana''
T. Cossignani, 2001: synonym of ''
Gibberula maldiviana''
(T. Cossignani, 2001) (original combination)
* ''Persicula miliaria''
(Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''
Gibberula miliaria''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Persicula nigrocrocea''
Barnard, 1969: synonym of ''
Plesiocystiscus aphanospira''
(Tomlin, 1913)
* ''Persicula obesa''
(Redfield, 1846): synonym of ''Persicula tessellata''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Persicula persiculocingulata''
Tournier, 1997 : synonym of ''
Persicula persicula''
(Linnaeus, C., 1758)
* ''Persicula pisiformis''
Thiele, 1930: synonym of ''
Cystiscus cymbalum''
(Tate, 1878) (junior synonym)
* ''Persicula pulchella''
(Kiener, 1834): synonym of ''
Gibberula pulchella''
(Kiener, 1834)
* ''Persicula saharica''
Locard, 1897: synonym of ''Persicula blanda''
(Hinds, 1844)
* ''Persicula tantilla''
Gould, 1860: synonym of ''
Granulina tantilla''
(Gould, 1860) (original combination)
* ''Persicula tayrona''
Diaz & Velasquez, 1987: synonym of ''
Pachybathron tayrona''
Díaz, J.M. & Velasquez, 1987
* ''Persicula thomensis''
(Tomlin, 1919): synonym of ''
Gibberula thomensis
''Gibberula thomensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relatio ...
''
(Tomlin, 1919)
* ''Persicula variabilis''
Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Persicula persicula''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
References
* Cossignani T. (2006). ''Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World''. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp
{{Commons category
Gastropod genera
Cystiscidae