Peronopsis

''Peronopsis'' (meaning "broach-like" or possibly "boot-like") is a genus of trilobite restricted to the Middle Cambrian. Its remains have been found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.

Etymology

The subgenus ''Svenax'' is a contraction of Sven Axel, the given names of the paleontologist Tullberg.

Taxonomy

Position of ''Peronopsis palmadon''

''Peronopsis palmadon'' is intermediate between Peronopsidae and Condylopygidae, but it is not clear whether ''P. palmadon'' is ancestral to the Condylopigidae, a condylopigid exhibiting regression towards ancestral characters, or an example of parallel evolution.

Species previously assigned to ''Peronopsis''

* ''P. acadica'' = '' Acadagnostus acadicus''
* ''P. bifidus'' = '' Pseudoperonopsis bifidus''
* ''P. bonnerensis'' = '' Pentagnostus (Meragostus) bonnerensis''
* ''P. brunfloensis'' = '' Redeagnostus brunfloensis''
* ''P. bulkurensis'' = '' Pentagnostus (Meragostus) bulkurensis''
* ''P. columbensis'' = '' Pseudoperonopsis columbensis''
* ''P. comes'' Resser and Erdo, 1937 = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. comis'' Öpik, 1979 = '' Euagnostus comis''
* ''P. crassa'' = '' Ammagnostus crassa''
* ''P. cylindrica'' = '' Quadragnostus cylindrica''
* ''P. cylindrata'' = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. ekip'' = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. evansi'' = '' Archaeagnostus evansi''
* ''P. fallax conica'' = '' Quadragnostus conica''
* ''P. fallax depressa'' = '' Quadragnostus depressa''
* ''P. fallax sinopsis'' = '' Redeagnostus ferox sinopsis''
* ''P. fallax xiaoshiwanensis'' = indetermined Agnostidae
* ''P. gaspensis'' = '' Itagnostus gaspensis''
* ''P. grossus'' = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. gullini'' = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. huzhuensis'' = indetermined Agnostidae
* ''P. interstricta'' = '' Itagnostus interstrictus''
* ''P. jegorovae'' = '' Ammagnostus jegorovae''
* ''P. lata'' = '' Diplorrhina lata''
* ''P. marginalis'' = '' Baltagnostus marginalis''
* ''P. maijangensis'' = '' Archaeagnostus maijangensis''
* ''P. miqueli'' = '' Baltagnostus miqueli''
* ''P. munda'' = '' Trilobagnostus munda''
* ''P. quadrata sulcata'' = '' Quadragnostus sulcata''
* ''P. quadratiformis'' = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. recta'' = '' Diplorrhina recta''
* ''P. roddyi'' = '' Eoagnostus roddyi''
* ''P. rotundatus'' = '' Quadragnostus rotundatus''
* ''P. segmenta'' = '' Pentagnostus (Meragostus) segmenta''
* ''P. shandongensis'' = '' Ammagnostus laiwuensis''
* ''P. taitzuhoensis'' = '' Itagnostus gaspensis taitzuhoensis''
* ''P. tramitis'' = '' Acadagnostus acadicus''
* ''P. ultima'' Poulsen, 1960 = '' Clavagnostus ultima''
* ''P. ultimus'' Ergaliev, 1980 = '' Pentagnostus (Meragostus) shabaktensis''

Species and distribution

Subgenus ''Peronopsis (Peronopsis)''

* ''P. integra'' (Beyrich, 1845) (Type), synonyms ''Battus integer'' and ''Mesagnostus integer'', is known from the Middle Cambrian of the Czech Republic (''Hydrocephalus lyelli''-zone and ''Paradoxides gracilis''-zone, Jince Formation, Bohemia) and Sweden (''Paradoxides oelandicus''-zone, Öland).
* ''P. amplaxis'' Robison, 1982 has been found in the Middle Cambrian of Central Asia and North America (''Triplagnostus gibbus''-zone, Nevada; House Range, Utah; Branche Cove, Newfoundland).
* ''P. batenica'' Bognibova, 1971 occurs in the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Eldakh Horizon, Eldakh Mountain, Betenev Range, Altai).
* ''P. crassa'' Lermontova, 1940 is present in the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (''Paradoxides forchhammeri''-zone, Orlinaya Mountains, Kuznetsk Basin).
* ''P. deons'' Jell and Webbers, 1992 has been collected in the Middle Cambrian of Antarctica (''Triplagnostus gibbus''-zone, Edson Hills, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica).
* ''P. hypagnostiformis'' Bognibova, 1971 has been found in the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Mandybashskii Horizon, Shakhmatovo, East Sayan).
* ''P. inarmata'' Hutchinson, 1962 occurs in the Middle Cambrian of Newfoundland, Canada (''Paradoxides bennetti''-zone, Avalon Peninsula).
* ''P. montis'' Matthew, 1889 is known from the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (''Kounamkites''-zone, Daldyn river Basin, and Nekekit River; ''Ovatoryctocara''-zone, Molodo River, Olenik Uplift, Yakutia; ''Shistocephalus antiquus''-zone, Lena River), and Canada (Mount Stephen, British Columbia; ''Bathyuriscus''-''Elrathina''-zone, Rocky Mountains).
* ''P. uzbekistanica'' Hajrullina, 1970 was excavated from the Middle Cambrian of Uzbekistan (''Elrathina poletaevae''-zone, Amgaian, South Tien Shan).

Subgenus ''Peronopsis (Proacadagnostus)''

* ''P. normata'' (Whitehouse, 1936) (Type) synonym ''Diplorrhina normata '' is recorded from the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (''Ovatoryctocara''-zone, Molodo River, Olenek uplift, Western Yakutia, Eastern Siberia; ''Kounamkites''-zone, Nekekit River), Scandinavia (''Paradoxides oelandicus''-zone), England (terminal beds with ''Paradoxides'', Shropshire), Spain (''Accadoparadoxides muroensis''-zone; ''Eccaparadoxides sduyi''-zone, Valdemiedes Formation), China (''Crepicephalina''-zone, lower Fu-chou Series, Tchang-hsing-tou Island, Liaotung; Kiu-lung Group, Shan-tung), and Australia (''Dinesus''-stage, Templetonian River; ''Xystridura templetonensis''-zone, Elkedra, Northern Territory).

Subgenus ''Peronopsis (Svenax)''

* ''P. pusillus'' (Tulberg, 1880) (Type) synonym ''Agnostus pusillus'' has been found in the Middle Cambrian of Australia (''Ptychagnostus punctuosus''-zone, Quita Formation, Northern Territories) and Sweden (''Ptychagnostus punctuosus''-zone, Andrarum, Gislovshammar and Brantewick).
* ''P. egenus'' (Resser & Endo, 1937) is known from the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (''Kounamkites''-zone, Daldyn River basin, Central Siberia; ''Tomagnostus fissus''-zone, Lena River; ''Pseuanocarina aojiformis''-zone, Buom-Pastach), China (Mapan Formation, Chi-chiachen-tzu, Manchoukuo; Duliujiang Formation, Zhalagou, Sandu, Guizhou), England (''Paradoxides hicksi''-zone, Abbey Shales, Nuneaton, Warwickshire) and Greenland (''Ptychagnostus atavus''-zone, Kap Stenton Formation).
* ''P. eoscutalis'' Hajrullina, 1970 occurs in the Middle Cambrian of Uzbekistan (''Elratina pletaevae''-zone, Amgaian, South Tien Shan).
* ''P. hartshillensis'' Kobayashi, 1939 has been deposited in the Middle Cambrian of England (''Paradoxides hicksi''-zone, Nuneaton, Warwickshire).
* ''P. lingula'' (Grönwall, 1902) synonym ''Svenax vafer'', is present in the Middle Cambrian of Australia (''Doryagnostus notalibre''-zone, V-creek Canyon, Northern Territories) and Greenland (''Ptychagnostus atavus''-zone, Henson Gletscher Formation).
* ''P. matthewi'' Hutchinson, 1962 has been found in the Middle Cambrian of England (''Paradoxides hicksi''-zone, Abbey Shales, Warwickshire) and Canada (''Paradoxides davidis''-zone, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland).
* ''P. scutalis'' Hicks, 1872 was recorded originally from the Menevia Formation (Porth-y-rhaw Group) of Rees ''et al''., (2014, p.72) in the eastern side of Porth-y-rhaw, SW Wales, which is therefore type locality for the species. Subspecies of ''scutalis'' include:
** ''Peronopsis scutalis scutalis'' Salter (Hicks, 1872, p.175, pl. 5 figs 11, 12 'non'' pl. 1, figs 9, 10, = ''Ptychagnostus punctuosus'' (Angelin); ''nec'' pl.5, figs, 13, 14, = ''P. scutalis'' (s.l.)from the ''Hypagnostus parvifrons'' Biozone and basal ''Pt. punctuosus'' Biozone of Porth-y-rhaw and from the ''parvifrons'' Biozone exposed behind the lifeboat house, Solva Harbour, St David's;
** ''Peronopsis scutalis tenuis'' (Illing, 1916) from the lower ''Tomagnostus fissus'' Biozone in the Abbey Shale Formation of Nuneaton, central England and the coeval lower Menevia Formation of Dwrhyd, Nine Wells, St David's;
** ''Peronopsis scutalis exarata'' (Grönwall, 1902, p. 77, pl. 1 fig 17), described originally from the Biozones of ''Hypagnostus parvifrons'' and ''Paradoxides davidis'' in Bornholm, and occurring also in the same Biozones at Porth-y-rhaw.
''P. scutalis'' s.l. Salter, is recorded also from the Middle Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Mandybashskii horizon, Dolgii mys mountain, Betenev range; ''Tomagnostus fissus'' Zone, Lena River; ''Kounamkites'' Zone, Nekekit River, Khorbusuonka River, and Daldyno-Alakitshii District; ''Pseudanomocarina aojiformis'' zone, Hormustah District), Australia (''Triplagnostus gibbus'' Zone, Sandover Beds early, Northern Territories) ; Greenland (''Ptychagnostus atavus'' Zone, Henson Gletscher Formation; ''P. punctuosus'' Zone, Nyebö, North Greenland; ''Lejopyge laevigata'' Zone, Holm Dal Formation), Canada (''Ptychagnostus atavus'' Zone, Saint John Formation; ''Paradoxides abenacus'' Zone, Saint Martin; both New Brunswick; ''P. hicksi'' Zone, Deep Cove, Newfoundland), Sweden (''Ptychagnostus punctuosus'' Zone, Andrarum, Gislovshammar and Brantevik; ''Solenopleura ''s.l.'' brachymetopa'' Zone, Andrarum) and Italy (Gonnesa Formation, Sardinia). ''P. scutalis'' s.l. is also recorded from the Ford Beds, ''H. parvifrons'' Biozone, of Ford railway station, Pembrokeshire, SW Wales, described by Thomas & Jones (1912). Thomas, H.H. & Jones, O.T. 1912. "On the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian rocks of Brawdy, Hayscastle and Brimaston, Pembrokeshire." ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', London, 68, 374–401.
* ''P. spitiensis'' (Reed, 1910) has been collected from the Middle Cambrian of India (Parahio Horizon, Changnu, Himalayas).

Subgenus ''Peronopsis (Vulgagnostus)''

* ''P. longinqua'' Öpik, 1979 (Type) has been excavated from the Middle Cambrian of Australia (''Templetonian''-zone, Sandover Bedsearly, Northern Territories)and the Russian Federation (lower ''Pseudanomocarina''-zone, Homustah District, Amga River; ''Kounamkites''-zone, Nekekit River).
* ''P. gedongensis'' Huang and Yuan, 1994 synonym ''P. pseudointerstrictus'' is recorded from the Middle Cambrian of China (Middle part of the Kaili Formation, Taijiang County, Guizhou), Sweden (Andrarum; ''Paradoxides oelandicus''-zone, Mossberga, Öland) and the Russian Federation (''Kounamkites''-zone, Lena River).
* ''P. prolixa'' (Öpik, 1979) occurs in the Middle Cambrian of Australia (''Triplagnostus gibbus''-zone, Sandover Bedsearly, Northern Territories).
* ''P. guoleensis'' Sun, 1989 is present in the Middle Cambrian of China (''Inouyops''-zone, Hsuchuang Formation, Guole, Inner Mongolia).
* ''P. taijiangensis'' is found in the Middle Cambrian of China (''Oryctocephalus indicus''-zone, Upper Kaili Formation, Taijiang County, Guizhou) and the Russian Federation (lower ''Pseudanomocarina''-zone, Homustah District, Amga River).

Unrevised species

These species may be assigned to one of the subgenera later or be reassigned to another genus.
* ''P. clarae'' Howell, 1925
* ''P. coreanus'' Kobayashi, 1935
* ''P. howelli'' Hutchinson, 1962
* ''P. magezhuangensis'' Zhang and Wang, 1985
* ''P. ovalis'' Zhou, 1982
* ''P. palmadon'' Kordule and Šnajdr, 1979
* ''P. rectangularis'' Howell, 1925
* ''P. sayramhuensis'' Zhang, 1981
* ''P. sinensis'' Yang and Liu
* ''P. triangula'' Lin and Zhang, 1979
* ''P. xichuanensis'' Yang

References

External links

''Peronopsis''
in the Paleobiology Database

''Peronopsis''
at the Field Museum's Evolving Planet

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2493257

Peronopsidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian animals of Asia
Trilobites of Asia
Trilobites of Europe
Trilobites of North America
Trilobites of Oceania
Fossils of Georgia (U.S. state)
Wheeler Shale
Paleozoic life of British Columbia
Paleozoic life of New Brunswick
Paleozoic life of Newfoundland and Labrador
Cambrian genus extinctions
Cambrian India