A virtual circuit (VC) is a means of transporting data over a data network, based on

packet switching In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping Data (computing), data into short messages in fixed format, i.e. ''network packet, packets,'' that are transmitted over a digital Telecommunications network, network. Packets consi ...

and in which a connection is first established across the network between two endpoints. The network, rather than having a fixed data rate reservation per connection as in

circuit switching Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel ( circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full ...

, takes advantage of the

statistical multiplexing Statistical multiplexing is a type of digital communication link sharing, sometimes abbreviated as STDM. It is very similar to dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA). In statistical multiplexing, a communication channel is divided into an arbitrary num ...

on its transmission links, an intrinsic feature of packet switching. A 1978 standardization of virtual circuits by the

CCITT The International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three Sectors (branches) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunicat ...

imposes per-connection flow controls at all user-to-network and network-to-network interfaces. This permits participation in

congestion control Network congestion in data networking and queueing theory is the reduced quality of service that occurs when a network node or link is carrying more data than it can handle. Typical effects include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of ...

and reduces the likelihood of

packet loss Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission, typically across wireless networks, or network congestion.Ku ...

in a heavily loaded network. Some circuit protocols provide reliable communication service through the use of data retransmissions invoked by

error detection In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunications, error detection and correction (EDAC) or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communi ...

and

automatic repeat request Automatic repeat request (ARQ), also known as automatic repeat query, is an error-control method for data transmission that uses acknowledgements (messages sent by the receiver indicating that it has correctly received a message) and timeout ...

(ARQ). Before a virtual circuit may be used, it must be established between

network node In networking, a node (, ‘knot’) is either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint within telecommunication networks. A physical network node is an electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of creating, rec ...

s in the

call setup In telecommunication, call setup is the process of establishing a virtual circuit across a telecommunications network. Call setup is typically accomplished using a signaling protocol. The term call set-up time has the following meanings: # The ...

phase. Once established, a

bit stream A bitstream (or bit stream), also known as binary sequence, is a sequence of bits. A bytestream is a sequence of bytes. Typically, each byte is an 8-bit quantity, and so the term octet stream is sometimes used interchangeably. An octet may ...

byte stream A bitstream (or bit stream), also known as binary sequence, is a sequence of bits. A bytestream is a sequence of bytes. Typically, each byte is an Octet (computing), 8-bit quantity, and so the term octet stream is sometimes used interchangeab ...

may be exchanged between the nodes, providing abstraction from low-level division into protocol data units, and enabling higher-level protocols to operate transparently. An alternative to virtual-circuit networks are

datagram A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network. Datagrams are typically structured in header and payload sections. Datagrams provide a connectionless communication service across a packet-switched network. The de ...

networks.

Comparison with circuit switching

Virtual circuit communication resembles

, since both are

connection oriented In telecommunications and computer networking, connection-oriented communication is a communication protocol where a communication session or a semi-permanent connection is established before any useful data can be transferred. The established ...

, meaning that in both cases data is delivered in correct order, and signaling overhead is required during a connection establishment phase. However, circuit switching provides a constant bit rate and latency, while these may vary in a virtual circuit service due to factors such as: * varying packet queue lengths in the network nodes, * varying bit rate generated by the application, * varying load from other users sharing the same network resources by means of

, etc.

Virtual call capability

telecommunications Telecommunication, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as telecom, is the transmission of information over a distance using electronic means, typically through cables, radio waves, or other communication technologies. These means of ...

, a virtual call capability, sometimes called a virtual call facility, is a

service feature A vertical service code (VSC) is a sequence of digits and the signals Asterisk, star () and Number sign, pound/hash () dialed on a telephone keypad or rotary dial to access certain telephone service features. Some vertical service codes require ...

in which: *a

call Call or Calls may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Games * Call (poker), a bet matching an opponent's * Call, in the game of contract bridge, a bid, pass, double, or redouble in the bidding stage Music and dance * Call (band), from L ...

set-up procedure and a call disengagement procedure determine the period of communication between two DTEs in which

user Ancient Egyptian roles * User (ancient Egyptian official), an ancient Egyptian nomarch (governor) of the Eighth Dynasty * Useramen, an ancient Egyptian vizier also called "User" Other uses * User (computing), a person (or software) using an ...

data are transferred by a

packet switched In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data into short messages in fixed format, i.e. '' packets,'' that are transmitted over a digital network. Packets consist of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used b ...

network *end-to-end

transfer Transfer may refer to: Arts and media * ''Transfer'' (2010 film), a German science-fiction movie directed by Damir Lukacevic and starring Zana Marjanović * ''Transfer'' (1966 film), a short film * ''Transfer'' (journal), in management studies * ...

control of packets within the network is required *data may be delivered to the network by the

call originator The calling party (in some contexts called the "A-Number") is a person who (or device that) initiates a telephone call. The person who, or device that, receives a telephone call is the called party (or callee or B-party). In some countries, it i ...

before the call

access phase Access may refer to: Companies and organizations * ACCESS (Australia), an Australian youth network * Access (credit card), a former credit card in the United Kingdom * Access Co., a Japanese software company * Access International Advisors, a h ...

is completed, but the data are not delivered to the

call receiver Call or Calls may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Games * Call (poker), a bet matching an opponent's * Call, in the game of contract bridge, a bid, pass, double, or redouble in the bidding stage Music and dance * Call (band), from L ...

if the

call attempt Call or Calls may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Games * Call (poker), a bet matching an opponent's * Call, in the game of contract bridge, a bid, pass, double, or redouble in the bidding stage Music and dance * Call (band), from La ...

is unsuccessful *the network delivers all the user data to the call receiver in the same

sequence In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is cal ...

in which the data are received by the network *multi-access DTEs may have several virtual calls in progress at the same

time Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...

. An alternative approach to virtual calls is

connectionless communication Connectionless communication, often referred to as CL-mode communication,Information Processing Systems - Open Systems Interconnection, "Transport Service Definition - Addendum 1: Connectionless-mode Transmission", International Organization for ...

using

s. In the early 1970s, ''virtual call'' ''capability'' was developed by British Telecom for EPSS (building on the work of

Donald Davies Donald Watts Davies, (7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000) was a Welsh computer scientist and Internet pioneer who was employed at the UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL). During 1965-67 he invented modern data communications, including packet s ...

at the National Physical Laboratory). The concept was enhanced by

Rémi Després Rémi Després (born January 16, 1943) is a French engineer and entrepreneur known for his contributions on data networking. Education In 1961–1963, Rémi Després attended École Polytechnique of Paris, of which he holds an Engineer degree ...

as ''virtual circuits'' for the RCP experimental network of the French

PTT PTT may refer to: Businesses and organizations * PTT Public Company Limited, a Thai oil and gas company * Pashtun Tahafuz Tehrik, a human rights movement in Pakistan * Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad, the New York Penn Station tunnel ow ...

Layer 4 virtual circuits

Connection oriented

transport layer In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet protocol suite and the OSI model. The protocols of this layer provide end-to-end c ...

protocols such as TCPRFC 1180 may rely on a connectionless packet switching network layer protocol such as IP, where different packets may be routed over different paths, and thus be delivered out of order. However, it is possible to use TCP as a virtual circuit,RFC 1644 since TCP includes segment numbering that allows reordering on the receiver side to accommodate out-of-order delivery.

Layer 2/3 virtual circuits

Data link layer The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between nodes on a network segment across the physical layer. The data link layer p ...

and

network layer In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate Router (computing), routers. Functions The network layer provides t ...

virtual circuit protocols are based on connection-oriented

, meaning that data is always delivered along the same network path, i.e., through the same nodes. Advantages with this over connectionless packet switching are: * Bandwidth reservation during the connection establishment phase is supported, making guaranteed

quality of service Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitat ...

(QoS) possible. For example, a

constant bit rate Constant bitrate (CBR) is a term used in telecommunications, relating to the quality of service. Compare with variable bitrate. When referring to codecs, constant bit rate encoding means that the rate at which a codec's output data should be cons ...

QoS class may be provided, resulting in emulation of

. * Less overhead is required since the packets are not routed individually and complete addressing information is not provided in the header of each data packet. Only a small

virtual channel identifier Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by the American National Standards Institute and International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT) for digital tran ...

(VCI) is required in each packet. Routing information is only transferred to the network nodes during the connection establishment phase. * The network nodes are faster and have higher capacity in theory since they are switches that only perform routing during the connection establishment phase, while connectionless network nodes are routers that perform routing for each packet individually. Switching only involves looking up the virtual channel identifier in a table rather than analyzing a complete address. Switches can easily be implemented in

ASIC An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC ) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use, such as a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficien ...

hardware, while routing is more complex and requires software implementation. However, because of the large market of IP routers, and because advanced IP routers support layer 3 switching, modern IP routers may today be faster than switches for connection-oriented protocols.

Example protocols

Examples of transport layer protocols that provide a virtual circuit: *

Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main communications protocol, protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, th ...

(TCP), where a reliable virtual circuit is established on top of the underlying unreliable and connectionless IP protocol. The virtual circuit is identified by the source and destination

network socket A network socket is a software structure within a network node of a computer network that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across the network. The structure and properties of a socket are defined by an application programming ...

address pair, i.e. the sender and receiver IP address and port number. Guaranteed QoS is not provided. *

Stream Control Transmission Protocol The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a computer networking communications protocol in the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite. Originally intended for Signaling System 7 (SS7) message transport in telecommunication, the ...

(SCTP), where a virtual circuit is established on top of the IP protocol. Examples of network-layer and data-link-layer virtual circuit protocols, where data always is delivered over the same path: *

X.25 X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for Packet switched network, packet-switched data communication in wide area network, wide area networks (WAN). It was originally defined by the CCITT, International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Co ...

, where the VC is identified by a

(VCI). X.25 provides reliable node-to-node communication and guaranteed QoS. *

Frame Relay Frame Relay (FR) is a standardized wide area network (WAN) technology that specifies the Physical layer, physical and data link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology. Frame Relay was originally devel ...

, where the VC is identified by a DLCI. Frame Relay is unreliable, but may provide guaranteed QoS. *

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by the American National Standards Institute and International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT) for digital trans ...

(ATM), where the circuit is identified by a

virtual path identifier Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by the American National Standards Institute and International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT) for digital trans ...

(VPI) and

(VCI) pair. The ATM layer provides unreliable virtual circuits, but the ATM protocol provides for reliability through the

ATM adaptation layer The use of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology and services creates the need for an adaptation layer in order to support information transfer protocols, which are not based on ATM. This adaptation layer defines how to segment higher-la ...

(AAL) Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) (though it uses the terms ''assured'' and ''non-assured'' rather than ''reliable'' and ''unreliable'').ITU-T, ''B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification: Type 3/4 AAL'', Recommendation I.363.3 (08/96), International Telecommunication Union, 1996, p5.ITU-T, ''B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification: Type 5 AAL'', Recommendation I.363.5 (08/96), International Telecommunication Union, 1996, p5. *

General Packet Radio Service General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), also called 2.5G, is a mobile data standard on the 2G cellular communication network's global system for mobile communications (GSM). Networks and mobile devices with GPRS started to roll out around the ...

(GPRS) *

Multiprotocol Label Switching Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a routing technique in telecommunications networks that directs data from one node to the next based on labels rather than network addresses. Whereas network addresses identify endpoints, the labels iden ...

(MPLS), which can be used for IP over virtual circuits. Each circuit is identified by a label. MPLS is unreliable but provides eight different QoS classes.

Permanent and switched virtual circuits in ATM, Frame Relay, and X.25

Switched virtual circuits (SVCs) are generally set up on a per-

basis and are disconnected when the call is terminated; however, a permanent virtual circuit (PVC) can be established as an option to provide a

dedicated circuit A leased line is a private telecommunications circuit between two or more locations provided according to a commercial contract. It is sometimes also known as a private circuit, and as a data line in the UK. Typically, leased lines are used by ...

link between two facilities. PVC configuration is usually preconfigured by the service provider. Unlike SVCs, PVC are usually very seldom broken/disconnected. A switched virtual circuit (SVC) is a virtual circuit that is dynamically established on demand and is torn down when transmission is complete, for example after a phone call or a file download. SVCs are used in situations where data transmission is sporadic and/or not always between the same data terminal equipment ( DTE) endpoints. A permanent virtual circuit (PVC) is a virtual circuit established for repeated/continuous use between the same DTE. In a PVC, the long-term association is identical to the data transfer phase of a virtual call. Permanent virtual circuits eliminate the need for repeated call set-up and clearing. * Frame Relay is typically used to provide PVCs. * ATM provides both switched virtual connections and permanent virtual connections, as they are called in ATM terminology. *

provides both virtual calls and PVCs, although not all X.25 service providers or DTE implementations support PVCs as their use was much less common than SVCs

References

*{{FS1037C Communication circuits Network protocols Packets (information technology) Telephone services