Permanent residency is a person's
legal resident status in a country or territory of which such person is not a
citizen
Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.
Though citizenship is often conflated with nationality in today's English-speaking world, international law does not usually use the term ''citizenship'' to refer to nationality ...
but where they have the right to reside on a permanent basis. This is usually for a permanent period; a person with such legal status is known as a permanent resident.
Permanent residency itself is distinct from
right of abode, which waives immigration control for such persons. Persons having permanent residency still require immigration control if they do not have right of abode. However, a right of abode automatically grants people permanent residency. This status also gives
work permit in most cases.
In many Western countries, the status of permanent resident confers a right of abode upon the holder despite not being a citizen of the particular country.
Nations with permanent residency systems
Not every nation allows permanent residency. Rights and application may vary widely.
All European Union countries have a facility for someone to become a permanent resident, as EU legislation allows an EU national who moves to another EU country to attain permanent resident status after residing there for five years. The European Union also sets out permanent residency rights for
long-term resident third country nationals under directive (2003/109/EC). A novel approach was the granting of rights across the national borders of states adhering to the directive. Permanent residents of European Union states who are citizens of another EU state enjoy extra rights; they can vote in
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
(and, in some cases, municipal and regional) elections in their country of residence. As an example, a
Romanian citizen who emigrated to France would be able to vote in
local
Local may refer to:
Geography and transportation
* Local (train), a train serving local traffic demand
* Local, Missouri, a community in the United States
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''Local'' (comics), a limited series comic book by Bria ...
and
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
elections in France (but not Romania).
As for Hong Kong and Macau, both
special administrative regions of China
The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are one of four types of Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions of the China, People's Republic of China directly under the control of its S ...
, they do not have their own citizenship laws, the term "permanent residents" refer to persons with the
right of abode in these territories. Most permanent residents of Chinese descent are Chinese citizens according to
Chinese nationality law.
Other countries have varying forms of such residency and relationships with other countries with regards to permanent residency.
The countries and territories that have some type of permanent resident status include:
* : called ''
residente permanente''
*
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
*
*
* : called ''Carteira de Registro Nacional Migratório'' (CRNM)
* : called
* :
permanent residents, previously known as ''landed immigrants''
*
* : called ''yǒngjiǔ-jūliúquán'', programme started from 2004
*
* : called
*
*
* :
** : called
** : B or C permit for non-EEA citizens
** : called
** : called
**
** : called
** : called
**
** : permit P
** : some types of , such as the
** : called
** : called
**
** : called ''Permanent residency card''
**
** : called
** : called
** : called /long-term resident
**
** : called ; class II, IV, or V permit
** : called
** : called
** : called
** : called
** : called
**
** : called
*
*
* :
permanent residence through the ''
Right of Abode'', regardless of citizenship
* : called
* : called ''Permanent Resident Status Scheme''
* : called
*
* : ''toshav-keva'', which means a permanent resident without
Israeli citizenship
* : called ''eijūkyoka''
* : called ''
Residente Permanente'', regardless of citizenship
* : called
* : called
*
New Zealand
New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...
* : called
*
* : called
*
* : a permanent residency option is available for those from countries which prohibit dual citizenship. Permanent residency only requires an annual fee, and no other supporting documents
*
*
*
* : called ''vid na žítel'stvo'', or ''pe-em-žé''
*
*
*
* : called ''yeongjugwon''
* : called Settlement Permit (, or ), commonly referred to as a C Permit (, or )
[Permit C (settlement permit) – Federal Office for Migration]
*
*
* : called ''posvidka na postijne prozhyvannya'', or "pe-pe-pe"
* : either through
Indefinite leave to remain or
Right of Abode or Permanent Residence for
EEA nationals
* :
lawfully admitted for permanent residence
*
Non-standard forms of permanent residency
Former citizens or persons of origin
Some countries grant residency and other specific rights to former citizens or persons of origin in the country:
India does not permit dual citizenship, but former Indian citizens, and persons of Indian origin, are eligible to apply for an
Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card that allows them to live and work freely in India, apart from running for certain political office posts and occupying constitutional posts. They also cannot vote or buy agricultural land. Spouses who have no other connection to India other than being married to someone with or eligible for OCI can also apply for OCI if they have been married for at least two years. Once the marriage is dissolved, OCI status is automatically lost for spouse with no connection to India. In 2016, India allowed Permanent Resident Status to foreigners with some conditions.
Turkey allows dual citizenship, and former Turkish citizens by birth who have given up their Turkish citizenship with permission (for example, because they have naturalized in a country that usually does not permit dual citizenship, such as Austria, Germany, Japan or South Korea) and their descendants subject to certain conditions, can apply for the
Blue Card (), which gives most of the citizens' rights back, e.g. the right to live and work in Turkey, the right to possess land or the right to inherit, but not the right to vote or the right to be employed as a public servant.
Treaties
Some countries have made treaties regulating travel and access to the job markets (non-government/non-military-related work)
* A citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and in Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland (and citizens of these countries can live and work in EU countries). Permanent residence is acquired automatically after five years of residence.
* The
Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement between Australia and New Zealand allows citizens of the two countries to live and work indefinitely in the other country, but the status is distinct from permanent residence in the country and expires each time a holder leaves the country. Despite this, the time a New Zealander spends in Australia on a Special Category Visa may count as permanent residence the purpose of acquiring citizenship.
* A citizen of a
Gulf Cooperation Council
The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (), also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC; ), is a Regional integration, regional, intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Ba ...
(GCC) member state (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) can live and work in other member states.
However, for voting, being voted and working for the public sector or the national security in a country, citizenship of the country concerned is almost always required.
Investments
A "
golden visa" is a permanent residency visa issued to individuals who invest, often through the purchase of property, a certain sum of money into the issuing country. Dating back to the 1980s, golden visas became much more popular and available in the 21st century. Golden visas require investments of anywhere from $100,000 in
Dominica
Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. It is part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of t ...
up to £2,000,000 in the UK. The most common method for obtaining a golden visa is through the purchase of real estate with a minimum value. Some countries such as Cyprus and Malta also offer
''golden passports'' to individuals if they invest a certain sum. The issuing of so-called "golden visas" has sparked controversy in several countries.
Since the 1990s, some countries have begun to offer golden passports - which give citizenship as well as residency rights - to foreign nationals who invest (often through the purchase of real estate properties) a certain sum into the issuing country's economy. The issuing of EU passports by
Cyprus
Cyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Situated in West Asia, its cultural identity and geopolitical orientation are overwhelmingly Southeast European. Cyprus is the List of isl ...
and
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and North Africa. It consists of an archipelago south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. The two ...
has sparked controversy but is expected to produce billions of euros in revenue for the issuing countries.
Limitations of permanent residents
Depending on the country, permanent residents usually have the same rights as citizens except for the following:
* They may not
vote (though in some cases such as the UK's
Commonwealth citizens, and in New Zealand voting is allowed. Hong Kong and Macau allow permanent residents to vote regardless of nationality).
* They may not stand for
public office (except
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...
citizens permanently residing in other EU member states who may stand in local and European elections).
* In most cases, they may not hold
public sector
The public sector, also called the state sector, is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises. Public sectors include the public goods and governmental services such as the military, law enforcement, pu ...
employment. Canada and New Zealand allow this; some countries, such as Brazil and Portugal, allow it only for permanent residents holding citizenship of certain countries.
* They may not usually apply for employment involving
national security
National security, or national defence (national defense in American English), is the security and Defence (military), defence of a sovereign state, including its Citizenship, citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of ...
. In Singapore, male PRs who have been granted PR before the age of 18 have to serve
national service. Most first-generation males are exempted.
* They may not own certain types of
real estate.
* They are not issued the
passport
A passport is an official travel document issued by a government that certifies a person's identity and nationality for international travel. A passport allows its bearer to enter and temporarily reside in a foreign country, access local aid ...
of that country (unless otherwise stateless or unable to obtain a passport from their country of nationality, in which case they may be entitled to a
certificate of identity instead).
* They do not have access to the country's
consular protection (some countries such as Australia allow this).
* They may qualify to
apply for citizenship after meeting a specified period of residence.
Obligations of permanent residents
Permanent residents may be required to fulfill specific residence obligations to maintain their status. In some cases, permanent residency may be conditional on a certain type of employment or maintenance of a business.
Many countries have compulsory
military service
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job (volunteer military, volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
Few nations, such ...
for citizens. Some countries, such as Singapore, extend this to permanent residents. However, in Singapore, most first generation permanent residents are exempted, and only their sons are held liable for national service.
In a similar approach, the United States has
Selective Service, a compulsory ''registration'' for military service, which is required of all male citizens and permanent residents ages 18 to 26; this requirement theoretically applies even to those residing in the country illegally. Applications for citizenship may be denied or otherwise impeded if the applicant cannot prove having complied with this requirement.
Permanent residents may be required to reside in the country offering them residence for a given minimum length of time (as in Australia and Canada). Permanent residents may lose their status if they stay outside their host country for more than a specified period of time (as in the United States).
Permanent residents have the same obligations as citizens regarding taxes.
Loss of status
Permanent residents may lose their status if they fail to comply with residency or other obligations imposed on them. For example:
* They leave the country beyond a maximum number of days (varies among countries but usually more than 2 years).
* They become a threat to national security, or they commit serious crimes and become subject to deportation or removal from the country.
Access to citizenship
Usually, permanent residents may apply for citizenship by
naturalization after a period of permanent residency (typically five years) in the country concerned.
Dual/multiple citizenship may or may not be permitted.
In many nations, an application for naturalization can be denied on character grounds, sometimes allowing people to reside in the country (as non-domiciled) but not become citizens. In the United States, the residency requirements for citizenship are normally five years, even though permanent residents who have been married to a U.S. citizen for three years or more may apply in three years. Those who have served in the armed forces may qualify for an expedited process allowing citizenship after only one year, or even without any residence requirement.
Automatic entitlement
Full permanent residence rights are granted automatically between the following:
* Ireland and the United Kingdom, including general election voting rights.
* The states of the
Nordic Council
The Nordic Council is the official body for formal inter-parliamentary Nordic cooperation among the Nordic countries. Formed in 1952, it has 87 representatives from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden as well as from the autonomo ...
.
* The
Republic of Belarus and the
Russian Federation
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
.
* The
Republic of India and the
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.
*
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
grants permanent residence for
Argentines and
Uruguayans from start (they may choose both temporary or permanent).
In some cases (e.g. the member states of the
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...
), citizens of participating countries can live and work at will in each other's states, but don't have a status fully equivalent to that of a permanent resident. In particular, under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, Australia and New Zealand grant each other's citizens the right to reside permanently and work in each country; however, the rights and entitlements of New Zealanders living in Australia under this arrangement (the so-called
Special Category Visa) are somewhat short of those of
Australian permanent residents, in particular with respect to unemployment benefits and similar benefits.
Proof of permanent residency
People who are granted permanent residency in a country are usually issued some sort of documentary evidence as legal proof of this status. In the past, many countries merely stamped the person's passport indicating that the holder was admitted as a permanent resident or that he/she was exempt from immigration control and permitted to work without restriction. Other countries would issue a photo ID card, place a visa sticker or certificate of residence in the person's passport, or issue a letter to confirm their permanent resident status.
*In Argentina, the non-citizens are issued an Argentine “DNI”, with the same characteristics for Argentinian citizens, showing back additional data saying the origin country and filling date.
*In Australia and New Zealand, a printout of permanent residence visa or resident visa is stuck to a page of the permanent resident's passport (on 1 September 2015, Australia ceased issuing visa labels to holders of Australian visas).
*In Canada, permanent residents are issued a photo ID card known as Permanent Resident Card. They are also given an official document called a Confirmation of Permanent Residence or Record of Landing on the day that permanent resident status is conferred.
*In Costa Rica, permanent residents are issued a photo ID card commonly referred to as a "cedula".
*In the countries of the European Union,
residency permits are a photo ID card following a common EU design.
*In Germany, resident permits ''(
Aufenthaltstitel)'' have been issued as photo ID cards following a common EU design since 1 September 2011. Prior to that date, residence permits were stickers (similar to visas) which were affixed to the resident's passport.
*In Ghana, permanent residents are issued an Indefinite Residence permit which is in the form of a sticker attached into the resident's passport.
*In Hong Kong, permanent residents are issued a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card.
*In Japan and South Korea, all resident foreigners are issued a residence card, and for permanent residents this status is indicated.
*In Lithuania, permanent residents are issued a photo ID ''(Leidimas gyventi)'' following a common EU design.
*In Macao, permanent residents are issued a Macao Permanent Resident Identity Card (''Bilhete de Identidade de Residente Permanente'').
*In Malaysia, permanent residents are issued with a
MyPR card similar to the
MyKad issued to Malaysian citizens, the difference being the colour (red instead of blue) and additional information stating the cardholder's country of origin.
*In the Republic of China (Taiwan), permanent residents are issued a blue photo ID card (APRC). A separate open work permit can also be issued to permanent residents allowing them to accept employment in any non-governmental positions for which they are qualified.
*In Singapore, permanent residents are issued a blue identity card with their photograph, thumb print and other personal particulars similar to citizen's pink identity card
*In Slovakia, permanent residents were used to issued a red photo ID. Slovakia has switched to common EU design since 2011.
*In South Africa, permanent residents who have their passport endorsed, are issued a certificate and a standard national green identity book showing "NON S.A. CITIZEN".
*In Switzerland, permanent residents are issued either a biometric ID card in accordance with Schengen regulations if they are non EU/EFTA national, or a paper permit in a yellow-coloured plastic wallet if they are an EU/EFTA national.
*In the United Kingdom, the applicant is issued with a photo ID card known as a
Biometric Residence Permit which states that the permit is a Settlement permit for Indefinite Leave to Remain.
*In the United States, permanent residents are issued a photo ID card which is known as a Permanent Resident Card (or simply as a "
green card").
[ See also ("The term ' lawfully admitted for permanent residence' means the status of having been lawfully accorded the privilege of residing ]permanently
''Permanently'' is the third studio album by American country music singer Mark Wills. Released in 2000 on Mercury Nashville Records, the album produced three singles on the '' Billboard'' Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart: "Back at One", " ...
in the United States as an immigrant, such status not having changed."); '' Landon v. Plasencia''
459 U.S. 21, 32
(1982) ("As we explained... once an alien gains admission to our country
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, state with limited recognition, constituent country, ...
and begins to develop the ties that go with permanent residence, his constitutional status changes accordingly."). Federal law requires that the card be carried on the person at all times.
Brexit
The European Union Settlement Scheme is a scheme launched in 2019 by the UK
Home Office
The Home Office (HO), also known (especially in official papers and when referred to in Parliament) as the Home Department, is the United Kingdom's interior ministry. It is responsible for public safety and policing, border security, immigr ...
to process the registration of
EU citizens resident in the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
prior to its
departure from the European Union.
Successful applicants receive either 'Pre-settled status' or 'Settled status', depending on the length of time they have been resident in the United Kingdom.
See also
*
Civitas sine suffragio
*
Denization
*
Domicile (law)
*
Habitual residence
*
Immigration
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as Permanent residency, permanent residents. Commuting, Commuter ...
*
Long-term resident (European Union)
*
Metic
In ancient Greece, a metic (Ancient Greek: , : from , , indicating change, and , 'dwelling') was a resident of Athens and some other cities who was a citizen of another polis. They held a status broadly analogous to modern permanent residency, b ...
*
Nationality law
*
Temporary residency in Canada
References
External links
Citizenship by Investment
{{DEFAULTSORT:Permanent Residency
*
Human migration
Immigration law