The Perlidae are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

stoneflies Plecoptera is an order of insects commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most ...

, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in eastern North America, but they occur worldwide except for Antarctica and parts of Africa. Their lifecycles range between one and three years. The adults emerge in the summer; they are very active and known to be attracted to light sources. They are usually very sensitive to changes in environment. Perlidae are usually

lotic River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts.Angelier ...

and

lentic A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems (''lentic'' ref ...

erosional. They are found in cool, clear medium-sized to large streams and sometimes in larger, warm rivers that carry

silt Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension (chemistry), suspension with water. Silt usually ...

. They are crawlers and can move quickly. In still water, no water moves over their

gills A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...

, so they move their bodies up and down to keep oxygen flowing over them. They are engulfer-predators. They consume all types of

invertebrates Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''spine'' or ''backbone''), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordate subphylum ...

. Very young

larvae A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect developmental biology, development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typical ...

are collector-gatherers.

Genera

These 56 genera belong to the family Perlidae: * ''

Acroneuria ''Acroneuria'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae. There are more than 30 described species in ''Acroneuria''. Species These 32 species belong to the genus ''Acroneuria'': * '' Acroneuria abnormis'' (Newman, 1838) (common s ...

'' Pictet, 1841 * ''

Agnetina ''Agnetina'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae. There are at least 30 described species in ''Agnetina''. Species These 31 species belong to the genus ''Agnetina'': * '' Agnetina aequalis'' (Banks, 1937) * '' Agnetina annul ...

'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Anacroneuria'' Klapálek, 1909 * ''

Attaneuria ''Attaneuria'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae. It is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not ...

'' Ricker, 1954 * '' Beloneuria'' Needham & Claassen, 1925 * ''

Brahmana The Brahmanas (; Sanskrit: , International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: ''Brāhmaṇam'') are Vedas, Vedic śruti works attached to the Samhitas (hymns and mantras) of the Rigveda, Rig, Samaveda, Sama, Yajurveda, Yajur, and Athar ...

'' Klapálek, 1914 * ''

Calineuria ''Calineuria'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae. There are about seven described species in ''Calineuria''. Species These seven species belong to the genus ''Calineuria'': * ''Calineuria californica'' (Banks, 1905) (western ...

'' Ricker, 1954 * '' Caroperla'' Kohno, 1946 * '' CHINOPERLa'' Zwick, 1980 * ''

Claassenia ''Claassenia'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae The Perlidae are a family (biology), family of Plecoptera, stoneflies, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in east ...

'' Wu, 1934 * ''

Dinocras ''Dinocras'' is a genus of stoneflies belonging to the family Perlidae The Perlidae are a family (biology), family of Plecoptera, stoneflies, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in eas ...

'' Klapálek, 1907 * ''

Doroneuria ''Doroneuria'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae The Perlidae are a family (biology), family of Plecoptera, stoneflies, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in east ...

'' Needham & Claassen, 1925 * ''

Eccoptura ''Eccoptura'' is a genus of common stoneflies in the family Perlidae The Perlidae are a family (biology), family of Plecoptera, stoneflies, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in easte ...

'' Klapálek, 1921 * '' Enderleina'' Jewett, 1960 * '' Eoperla'' Illies, 1956 * '' Etrocorema'' Klapálek, 1909 * '' Flavoperla'' Chu, 1929 * '' Furcaperla'' Sivec, 1988 * '' Gibosia'' Okamoto, 1912 * '' Hansonoperla'' Nelson, 1979 * '' Helenoperla'' Sivec, 1997 * '' Hemacroneuria'' Enderlein, 1909 * '' Hesperoperla'' Banks, 1938 * '' Inconeuria'' Klapálek, 1916 * '' Kamimuria'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Kempnyella'' Illies, 1964 * '' Kempnyia'' Klapálek, 1914 * '' Kiotina'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Klapalekia'' Claassen, 1936 * '' Macrogynoplax'' Enderlein, 1909 * '' Marthamea'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Mesoperla'' Klapálek, 1913 * '' Miniperla'' Kawai, 1967 * '' Neoperla'' Needham, 1905 * '' Neoperlops'' Banks, 1939 * '' Nigroperla'' Illies, 1964 * '' Niponiella'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Nishineuria'' Uchida, 1990 * '' Onychoplax'' Klapálek, 1914 * '' Oyamia'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Paragnetina'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Perla'' Geoffroy, 1762 * '' Perlesta'' Banks, 1906 * '' Perlinella'' Banks, 1900 * '' Phanoperla'' Banks, 1938 * '' Pictetoperla'' Illies, 1964 * '' Sinacroneuria'' Yang & Yang, 1995 * '' Tetropina'' Klapálek, 1909 * '' Togoperla'' Klapálek, 1907 * '' Tyloperla'' Sivec & Stark, 1988 * '' Xanthoneuria'' Uchida, Stark & Sivec, 2011 * † '' Archaeoperla'' Liu, Ren & Sinitshenkova, 2008 * † '' Dominiperla'' Stark & Lentz, 1992 * † '' Electroneuria'' Sroka, Staniczek & Kondratieff, 2018 * † '' Largusoperla'' Chen, Wang & Du, 2018 * † '' Pinguisoperla'' Chen, 2018

References

Plecoptera families {{Plecoptera-stub